diff --git a/.oxlintrc.json b/.oxlintrc.json
index 7d18f83c7c..093ae25f18 100644
--- a/.oxlintrc.json
+++ b/.oxlintrc.json
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
     "dist/**",
     "out/**",
     "local/**",
+    "tests/**",
     ".yarn/**",
     ".gitignore",
     "scripts/cloudflare-worker.js",
diff --git a/eslint.config.mjs b/eslint.config.mjs
index fcc952ed65..64fdefa1dc 100644
--- a/eslint.config.mjs
+++ b/eslint.config.mjs
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ export default defineConfig([
       'dist/**',
       'out/**',
       'local/**',
+      'tests/**',
       '.yarn/**',
       '.gitignore',
       'scripts/cloudflare-worker.js',
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 5550405df3..de89b4514c 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@
     "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-node": "^2.0.0",
     "@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-web": "^2.0.0",
     "@opeoginni/github-copilot-openai-compatible": "^0.1.21",
-    "@playwright/test": "^1.52.0",
+    "@playwright/test": "^1.55.1",
     "@radix-ui/react-context-menu": "^2.2.16",
     "@reduxjs/toolkit": "^2.2.5",
     "@shikijs/markdown-it": "^3.12.0",
@@ -321,7 +321,6 @@
     "p-queue": "^8.1.0",
     "pdf-lib": "^1.17.1",
     "pdf-parse": "^1.1.1",
-    "playwright": "^1.55.1",
     "proxy-agent": "^6.5.0",
     "react": "^19.2.0",
     "react-dom": "^19.2.0",
diff --git a/playwright.config.ts b/playwright.config.ts
index e12ce7ab6d..0b67f0e76f 100644
--- a/playwright.config.ts
+++ b/playwright.config.ts
@@ -1,42 +1,64 @@
-import { defineConfig, devices } from '@playwright/test'
+import { defineConfig } from '@playwright/test'
 
 /**
- * See https://playwright.dev/docs/test-configuration.
+ * Playwright configuration for Electron e2e testing.
+ * See https://playwright.dev/docs/test-configuration
  */
 export default defineConfig({
-  // Look for test files, relative to this configuration file.
-  testDir: './tests/e2e',
-  /* Run tests in files in parallel */
-  fullyParallel: true,
-  /* Fail the build on CI if you accidentally left test.only in the source code. */
-  forbidOnly: !!process.env.CI,
-  /* Retry on CI only */
-  retries: process.env.CI ? 2 : 0,
-  /* Opt out of parallel tests on CI. */
-  workers: process.env.CI ? 1 : undefined,
-  /* Reporter to use. See https://playwright.dev/docs/test-reporters */
-  reporter: 'html',
-  /* Shared settings for all the projects below. See https://playwright.dev/docs/api/class-testoptions. */
-  use: {
-    /* Base URL to use in actions like `await page.goto('/')`. */
-    // baseURL: 'http://localhost:3000',
+  // Look for test files in the specs directory
+  testDir: './tests/e2e/specs',
 
-    /* Collect trace when retrying the failed test. See https://playwright.dev/docs/trace-viewer */
-    trace: 'on-first-retry'
+  // Global timeout for each test
+  timeout: 60000,
+
+  // Assertion timeout
+  expect: {
+    timeout: 10000
   },
 
-  /* Configure projects for major browsers */
+  // Electron apps should run tests sequentially to avoid conflicts
+  fullyParallel: false,
+  workers: 1,
+
+  // Fail the build on CI if you accidentally left test.only in the source code
+  forbidOnly: !!process.env.CI,
+
+  // Retry on CI only
+  retries: process.env.CI ? 2 : 0,
+
+  // Reporter configuration
+  reporter: [['html', { outputFolder: 'playwright-report' }], ['list']],
+
+  // Global setup and teardown
+  globalSetup: './tests/e2e/global-setup.ts',
+  globalTeardown: './tests/e2e/global-teardown.ts',
+
+  // Output directory for test artifacts
+  outputDir: './test-results',
+
+  // Shared settings for all tests
+  use: {
+    // Collect trace when retrying the failed test
+    trace: 'retain-on-failure',
+
+    // Take screenshot only on failure
+    screenshot: 'only-on-failure',
+
+    // Record video only on failure
+    video: 'retain-on-failure',
+
+    // Action timeout
+    actionTimeout: 15000,
+
+    // Navigation timeout
+    navigationTimeout: 30000
+  },
+
+  // Single project for Electron testing
   projects: [
     {
-      name: 'chromium',
-      use: { ...devices['Desktop Chrome'] }
+      name: 'electron',
+      testMatch: '**/*.spec.ts'
     }
   ]
-
-  /* Run your local dev server before starting the tests */
-  // webServer: {
-  //   command: 'npm run start',
-  //   url: 'http://localhost:3000',
-  //   reuseExistingServer: !process.env.CI,
-  // },
 })
diff --git a/src/main/services/CodeToolsService.ts b/src/main/services/CodeToolsService.ts
index 82c9c64f87..35655a88e7 100644
--- a/src/main/services/CodeToolsService.ts
+++ b/src/main/services/CodeToolsService.ts
@@ -548,6 +548,17 @@ class CodeToolsService {
     logger.debug(`Environment variables:`, Object.keys(env))
     logger.debug(`Options:`, options)
 
+    // Validate directory exists before proceeding
+    if (!directory || !fs.existsSync(directory)) {
+      const errorMessage = `Directory does not exist: ${directory}`
+      logger.error(errorMessage)
+      return {
+        success: false,
+        message: errorMessage,
+        command: ''
+      }
+    }
+
     const packageName = await this.getPackageName(cliTool)
     const bunPath = await this.getBunPath()
     const executableName = await this.getCliExecutableName(cliTool)
@@ -709,6 +720,7 @@ class CodeToolsService {
         // Build bat file content, including debug information
         const batContent = [
           '@echo off',
+          'chcp 65001 >nul 2>&1', // Switch to UTF-8 code page for international path support
           `title ${cliTool} - Cherry Studio`, // Set window title in bat file
           'echo ================================================',
           'echo Cherry Studio CLI Tool Launcher',
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/aiCore/legacy/clients/BaseApiClient.ts b/src/renderer/src/aiCore/legacy/clients/BaseApiClient.ts
index c1c06b359b..e755ce3f20 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/aiCore/legacy/clients/BaseApiClient.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/aiCore/legacy/clients/BaseApiClient.ts
@@ -405,6 +405,9 @@ export abstract class BaseApiClient<
         if (!param.name?.trim()) {
           return acc
         }
+        // Parse JSON type parameters (Legacy API clients)
+        // Related: src/renderer/src/pages/settings/AssistantSettings/AssistantModelSettings.tsx:133-148
+        // The UI stores JSON type params as strings, this function parses them before sending to API
         if (param.type === 'json') {
           const value = param.value as string
           if (value === 'undefined') {
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/aiCore/utils/reasoning.ts b/src/renderer/src/aiCore/utils/reasoning.ts
index ba4ab35f8e..8f0df91e7b 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/aiCore/utils/reasoning.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/aiCore/utils/reasoning.ts
@@ -684,6 +684,10 @@ export function getCustomParameters(assistant: Assistant): Record<string, any> {
       if (!param.name?.trim()) {
         return acc
       }
+      // Parse JSON type parameters
+      // Related: src/renderer/src/pages/settings/AssistantSettings/AssistantModelSettings.tsx:133-148
+      // The UI stores JSON type params as strings (e.g., '{"key":"value"}')
+      // This function parses them into objects before sending to the API
       if (param.type === 'json') {
         const value = param.value as string
         if (value === 'undefined') {
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/config/models/__tests__/utils.test.ts b/src/renderer/src/config/models/__tests__/utils.test.ts
index 97dbf755d1..b27ed930cd 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/config/models/__tests__/utils.test.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/config/models/__tests__/utils.test.ts
@@ -125,200 +125,376 @@ describe('model utils', () => {
     openAIWebSearchOnlyMock.mockReturnValue(false)
   })
 
-  it('detects OpenAI LLM models through reasoning and GPT prefix', () => {
-    expect(isOpenAILLMModel(undefined as unknown as Model)).toBe(false)
-    expect(isOpenAILLMModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o-image' }))).toBe(false)
+  describe('OpenAI model detection', () => {
+    describe('isOpenAILLMModel', () => {
+      it('returns false for undefined model', () => {
+        expect(isOpenAILLMModel(undefined as unknown as Model)).toBe(false)
+      })
 
-    reasoningMock.mockReturnValueOnce(true)
-    expect(isOpenAILLMModel(createModel({ id: 'o1-preview' }))).toBe(true)
+      it('returns false for image generation models', () => {
+        expect(isOpenAILLMModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o-image' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
 
-    expect(isOpenAILLMModel(createModel({ id: 'GPT-5-turbo' }))).toBe(true)
-  })
+      it('returns true for reasoning models', () => {
+        reasoningMock.mockReturnValueOnce(true)
+        expect(isOpenAILLMModel(createModel({ id: 'o1-preview' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
 
-  it('detects OpenAI models via GPT prefix or reasoning support', () => {
-    expect(isOpenAIModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4.1' }))).toBe(true)
-    reasoningMock.mockReturnValueOnce(true)
-    expect(isOpenAIModel(createModel({ id: 'o3' }))).toBe(true)
-  })
-
-  it('evaluates support for flex service tier and alias helper', () => {
-    expect(isSupportFlexServiceTierModel(createModel({ id: 'o3' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isSupportFlexServiceTierModel(createModel({ id: 'o3-mini' }))).toBe(false)
-    expect(isSupportFlexServiceTierModel(createModel({ id: 'o4-mini' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isSupportFlexServiceTierModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-preview' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isSupportedFlexServiceTier(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }))).toBe(false)
-  })
-
-  it('detects verbosity support for GPT-5+ families', () => {
-    expect(isSupportVerbosityModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isSupportVerbosityModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-chat' }))).toBe(false)
-    expect(isSupportVerbosityModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5.1-preview' }))).toBe(true)
-  })
-
-  it('limits verbosity controls for GPT-5 Pro models', () => {
-    const proModel = createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-pro' })
-    const previewModel = createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-preview' })
-    expect(getModelSupportedVerbosity(proModel)).toEqual([undefined, 'high'])
-    expect(getModelSupportedVerbosity(previewModel)).toEqual([undefined, 'low', 'medium', 'high'])
-    expect(isGPT5ProModel(proModel)).toBe(true)
-    expect(isGPT5ProModel(previewModel)).toBe(false)
-  })
-
-  it('identifies OpenAI chat-completion-only models', () => {
-    expect(isOpenAIChatCompletionOnlyModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o-search-preview' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isOpenAIChatCompletionOnlyModel(createModel({ id: 'o1-mini' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isOpenAIChatCompletionOnlyModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }))).toBe(false)
-  })
-
-  it('filters unsupported OpenAI catalog entries', () => {
-    expect(isSupportedModel({ id: 'gpt-4', object: 'model' } as any)).toBe(true)
-    expect(isSupportedModel({ id: 'tts-1', object: 'model' } as any)).toBe(false)
-  })
-
-  it('calculates temperature/top-p support correctly', () => {
-    const model = createModel({ id: 'o1' })
-    reasoningMock.mockReturnValue(true)
-    expect(isNotSupportTemperatureAndTopP(model)).toBe(true)
-
-    const openWeight = createModel({ id: 'gpt-oss-debug' })
-    expect(isNotSupportTemperatureAndTopP(openWeight)).toBe(false)
-
-    const chatOnly = createModel({ id: 'o1-preview' })
-    reasoningMock.mockReturnValue(false)
-    expect(isNotSupportTemperatureAndTopP(chatOnly)).toBe(true)
-
-    const qwenMt = createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-large', provider: 'aliyun' })
-    expect(isNotSupportTemperatureAndTopP(qwenMt)).toBe(true)
-  })
-
-  it('handles gemma and gemini detections plus zhipu tagging', () => {
-    expect(isGemmaModel(createModel({ id: 'Gemma-3-27B' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isGemmaModel(createModel({ group: 'Gemma' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isGemmaModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }))).toBe(false)
-
-    expect(isGeminiModel(createModel({ id: 'Gemini-2.0' }))).toBe(true)
-
-    expect(isZhipuModel(createModel({ provider: 'zhipu' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isZhipuModel(createModel({ provider: 'openai' }))).toBe(false)
-  })
-
-  it('groups qwen models by prefix', () => {
-    const qwen = createModel({ id: 'Qwen-7B', provider: 'qwen', name: 'Qwen-7B' })
-    const qwenOmni = createModel({ id: 'qwen2.5-omni', name: 'qwen2.5-omni' })
-    const other = createModel({ id: 'deepseek-v3', group: 'DeepSeek' })
-
-    const grouped = groupQwenModels([qwen, qwenOmni, other])
-    expect(Object.keys(grouped)).toContain('qwen-7b')
-    expect(Object.keys(grouped)).toContain('qwen2.5')
-    expect(grouped.DeepSeek).toContain(other)
-  })
-
-  it('aggregates boolean helpers based on regex rules', () => {
-    expect(isAnthropicModel(createModel({ id: 'claude-3.5' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isQwenMTModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-plus' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isNotSupportSystemMessageModel(createModel({ id: 'gemma-moe' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isOpenAIOpenWeightModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-oss-free' }))).toBe(true)
-  })
-
-  describe('isNotSupportedTextDelta', () => {
-    it('returns true for qwen-mt-turbo and qwen-mt-plus models', () => {
-      // qwen-mt series that don't support text delta
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-turbo' }))).toBe(true)
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-plus' }))).toBe(true)
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'Qwen-MT-Turbo' }))).toBe(true)
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'QWEN-MT-PLUS' }))).toBe(true)
+      it('returns true for GPT-prefixed models', () => {
+        expect(isOpenAILLMModel(createModel({ id: 'GPT-5-turbo' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
     })
 
-    it('returns false for qwen-mt-flash and other models', () => {
-      // qwen-mt-flash supports text delta
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-flash' }))).toBe(false)
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'Qwen-MT-Flash' }))).toBe(false)
+    describe('isOpenAIModel', () => {
+      it('detects models via GPT prefix', () => {
+        expect(isOpenAIModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4.1' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
 
-      // Legacy qwen models without mt prefix (support text delta)
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-turbo' }))).toBe(false)
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-plus' }))).toBe(false)
-
-      // Other qwen models
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-max' }))).toBe(false)
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen2.5-72b' }))).toBe(false)
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-vl-plus' }))).toBe(false)
-
-      // Non-qwen models
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }))).toBe(false)
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'claude-3.5' }))).toBe(false)
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'glm-4-plus' }))).toBe(false)
+      it('detects models via reasoning support', () => {
+        reasoningMock.mockReturnValueOnce(true)
+        expect(isOpenAIModel(createModel({ id: 'o3' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
     })
 
-    it('handles models with version suffixes', () => {
-      // qwen-mt models with version suffixes
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-turbo-1201' }))).toBe(true)
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-plus-0828' }))).toBe(true)
+    describe('isOpenAIChatCompletionOnlyModel', () => {
+      it('identifies chat-completion-only models', () => {
+        expect(isOpenAIChatCompletionOnlyModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o-search-preview' }))).toBe(true)
+        expect(isOpenAIChatCompletionOnlyModel(createModel({ id: 'o1-mini' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
 
-      // Legacy qwen models with version suffixes (support text delta)
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-turbo-0828' }))).toBe(false)
-      expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-plus-latest' }))).toBe(false)
+      it('returns false for general models', () => {
+        expect(isOpenAIChatCompletionOnlyModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
     })
   })
 
-  it('evaluates GPT-5 family helpers', () => {
-    expect(isGPT5SeriesModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-preview' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isGPT5SeriesModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5.1-preview' }))).toBe(false)
-    expect(isGPT51SeriesModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5.1-mini' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isGPT5SeriesReasoningModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-prompt' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isSupportVerbosityModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-chat' }))).toBe(false)
+  describe('GPT-5 family detection', () => {
+    describe('isGPT5SeriesModel', () => {
+      it('returns true for GPT-5 models', () => {
+        expect(isGPT5SeriesModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-preview' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+
+      it('returns false for GPT-5.1 models', () => {
+        expect(isGPT5SeriesModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5.1-preview' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+    })
+
+    describe('isGPT51SeriesModel', () => {
+      it('returns true for GPT-5.1 models', () => {
+        expect(isGPT51SeriesModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5.1-mini' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+    })
+
+    describe('isGPT5SeriesReasoningModel', () => {
+      it('returns true for GPT-5 reasoning models', () => {
+        expect(isGPT5SeriesReasoningModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+      it('returns false for gpt-5-chat', () => {
+        expect(isGPT5SeriesReasoningModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-chat' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+    })
+
+    describe('isGPT5ProModel', () => {
+      it('returns true for GPT-5 Pro models', () => {
+        expect(isGPT5ProModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-pro' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+
+      it('returns false for non-Pro GPT-5 models', () => {
+        expect(isGPT5ProModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-preview' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+    })
   })
 
-  it('wraps generate/vision helpers that operate on arrays', () => {
-    const models = [createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }), createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o-mini' })]
-    expect(isVisionModels(models)).toBe(true)
-    visionMock.mockReturnValueOnce(true).mockReturnValueOnce(false)
-    expect(isVisionModels(models)).toBe(false)
+  describe('Verbosity support', () => {
+    describe('isSupportVerbosityModel', () => {
+      it('returns true for GPT-5 models', () => {
+        expect(isSupportVerbosityModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
 
-    generateImageMock.mockReturnValue(true)
-    expect(isGenerateImageModels(models)).toBe(true)
-    generateImageMock.mockReturnValueOnce(true).mockReturnValueOnce(false)
-    expect(isGenerateImageModels(models)).toBe(false)
+      it('returns false for GPT-5 chat models', () => {
+        expect(isSupportVerbosityModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-chat' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+
+      it('returns true for GPT-5.1 models', () => {
+        expect(isSupportVerbosityModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5.1-preview' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+    })
+
+    describe('getModelSupportedVerbosity', () => {
+      it('returns only "high" for GPT-5 Pro models', () => {
+        expect(getModelSupportedVerbosity(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-pro' }))).toEqual([undefined, 'high'])
+        expect(getModelSupportedVerbosity(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-pro-2025-10-06' }))).toEqual([undefined, 'high'])
+      })
+
+      it('returns all levels for non-Pro GPT-5 models', () => {
+        const previewModel = createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-preview' })
+        expect(getModelSupportedVerbosity(previewModel)).toEqual([undefined, 'low', 'medium', 'high'])
+      })
+
+      it('returns all levels for GPT-5.1 models', () => {
+        const gpt51Model = createModel({ id: 'gpt-5.1-preview' })
+        expect(getModelSupportedVerbosity(gpt51Model)).toEqual([undefined, 'low', 'medium', 'high'])
+      })
+
+      it('returns only undefined for non-GPT-5 models', () => {
+        expect(getModelSupportedVerbosity(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }))).toEqual([undefined])
+        expect(getModelSupportedVerbosity(createModel({ id: 'claude-3.5' }))).toEqual([undefined])
+      })
+
+      it('returns only undefined for undefiend/null input', () => {
+        expect(getModelSupportedVerbosity(undefined)).toEqual([undefined])
+        expect(getModelSupportedVerbosity(null)).toEqual([undefined])
+      })
+    })
   })
 
-  it('filters models for agent usage', () => {
-    expect(agentModelFilter(createModel())).toBe(true)
+  describe('Flex service tier support', () => {
+    describe('isSupportFlexServiceTierModel', () => {
+      it('returns true for supported models', () => {
+        expect(isSupportFlexServiceTierModel(createModel({ id: 'o3' }))).toBe(true)
+        expect(isSupportFlexServiceTierModel(createModel({ id: 'o4-mini' }))).toBe(true)
+        expect(isSupportFlexServiceTierModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-5-preview' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
 
-    embeddingMock.mockReturnValueOnce(true)
-    expect(agentModelFilter(createModel({ id: 'text-embedding' }))).toBe(false)
+      it('returns false for unsupported models', () => {
+        expect(isSupportFlexServiceTierModel(createModel({ id: 'o3-mini' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+    })
 
-    embeddingMock.mockReturnValue(false)
-    rerankMock.mockReturnValueOnce(true)
-    expect(agentModelFilter(createModel({ id: 'rerank' }))).toBe(false)
+    describe('isSupportedFlexServiceTier', () => {
+      it('returns false for non-flex models', () => {
+        expect(isSupportedFlexServiceTier(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+    })
+  })
 
-    rerankMock.mockReturnValue(false)
-    textToImageMock.mockReturnValueOnce(true)
-    expect(agentModelFilter(createModel({ id: 'gpt-image-1' }))).toBe(false)
+  describe('Temperature and top-p support', () => {
+    describe('isNotSupportTemperatureAndTopP', () => {
+      it('returns true for reasoning models', () => {
+        const model = createModel({ id: 'o1' })
+        reasoningMock.mockReturnValue(true)
+        expect(isNotSupportTemperatureAndTopP(model)).toBe(true)
+      })
+
+      it('returns false for open weight models', () => {
+        const openWeight = createModel({ id: 'gpt-oss-debug' })
+        expect(isNotSupportTemperatureAndTopP(openWeight)).toBe(false)
+      })
+
+      it('returns true for chat-only models without reasoning', () => {
+        const chatOnly = createModel({ id: 'o1-preview' })
+        reasoningMock.mockReturnValue(false)
+        expect(isNotSupportTemperatureAndTopP(chatOnly)).toBe(true)
+      })
+
+      it('returns true for Qwen MT models', () => {
+        const qwenMt = createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-large', provider: 'aliyun' })
+        expect(isNotSupportTemperatureAndTopP(qwenMt)).toBe(true)
+      })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('Text delta support', () => {
+    describe('isNotSupportTextDeltaModel', () => {
+      it('returns true for qwen-mt-turbo and qwen-mt-plus models', () => {
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-turbo' }))).toBe(true)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-plus' }))).toBe(true)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'Qwen-MT-Turbo' }))).toBe(true)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'QWEN-MT-PLUS' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+
+      it('returns false for qwen-mt-flash and other models', () => {
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-flash' }))).toBe(false)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'Qwen-MT-Flash' }))).toBe(false)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-turbo' }))).toBe(false)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-plus' }))).toBe(false)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-max' }))).toBe(false)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen2.5-72b' }))).toBe(false)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-vl-plus' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+
+      it('returns false for non-qwen models', () => {
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }))).toBe(false)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'claude-3.5' }))).toBe(false)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'glm-4-plus' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+
+      it('handles models with version suffixes', () => {
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-turbo-1201' }))).toBe(true)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-plus-0828' }))).toBe(true)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-turbo-0828' }))).toBe(false)
+        expect(isNotSupportTextDeltaModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-plus-latest' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('Model provider detection', () => {
+    describe('isGemmaModel', () => {
+      it('detects Gemma models by ID', () => {
+        expect(isGemmaModel(createModel({ id: 'Gemma-3-27B' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+
+      it('detects Gemma models by group', () => {
+        expect(isGemmaModel(createModel({ group: 'Gemma' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+
+      it('returns false for non-Gemma models', () => {
+        expect(isGemmaModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+    })
+
+    describe('isGeminiModel', () => {
+      it('detects Gemini models', () => {
+        expect(isGeminiModel(createModel({ id: 'Gemini-2.0' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+    })
+
+    describe('isZhipuModel', () => {
+      it('detects Zhipu models by provider', () => {
+        expect(isZhipuModel(createModel({ provider: 'zhipu' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+
+      it('returns false for non-Zhipu models', () => {
+        expect(isZhipuModel(createModel({ provider: 'openai' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+    })
+
+    describe('isAnthropicModel', () => {
+      it('detects Anthropic models', () => {
+        expect(isAnthropicModel(createModel({ id: 'claude-3.5' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+    })
+
+    describe('isQwenMTModel', () => {
+      it('detects Qwen MT models', () => {
+        expect(isQwenMTModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-mt-plus' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+    })
+
+    describe('isOpenAIOpenWeightModel', () => {
+      it('detects OpenAI open weight models', () => {
+        expect(isOpenAIOpenWeightModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-oss-free' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('System message support', () => {
+    describe('isNotSupportSystemMessageModel', () => {
+      it('returns true for models that do not support system messages', () => {
+        expect(isNotSupportSystemMessageModel(createModel({ id: 'gemma-moe' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('Model grouping', () => {
+    describe('groupQwenModels', () => {
+      it('groups qwen models by prefix', () => {
+        const qwen = createModel({ id: 'Qwen-7B', provider: 'qwen', name: 'Qwen-7B' })
+        const qwenOmni = createModel({ id: 'qwen2.5-omni', name: 'qwen2.5-omni' })
+        const other = createModel({ id: 'deepseek-v3', group: 'DeepSeek' })
+
+        const grouped = groupQwenModels([qwen, qwenOmni, other])
+        expect(Object.keys(grouped)).toContain('qwen-7b')
+        expect(Object.keys(grouped)).toContain('qwen2.5')
+        expect(grouped.DeepSeek).toContain(other)
+      })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('Vision and image generation', () => {
+    describe('isVisionModels', () => {
+      it('returns true when all models support vision', () => {
+        const models = [createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }), createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o-mini' })]
+        expect(isVisionModels(models)).toBe(true)
+      })
+
+      it('returns false when some models do not support vision', () => {
+        const models = [createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }), createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o-mini' })]
+        visionMock.mockReturnValueOnce(true).mockReturnValueOnce(false)
+        expect(isVisionModels(models)).toBe(false)
+      })
+    })
+
+    describe('isGenerateImageModels', () => {
+      it('returns true when all models support image generation', () => {
+        const models = [createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }), createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o-mini' })]
+        generateImageMock.mockReturnValue(true)
+        expect(isGenerateImageModels(models)).toBe(true)
+      })
+
+      it('returns false when some models do not support image generation', () => {
+        const models = [createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }), createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o-mini' })]
+        generateImageMock.mockReturnValueOnce(true).mockReturnValueOnce(false)
+        expect(isGenerateImageModels(models)).toBe(false)
+      })
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('Model filtering', () => {
+    describe('isSupportedModel', () => {
+      it('filters supported OpenAI catalog entries', () => {
+        expect(isSupportedModel({ id: 'gpt-4', object: 'model' } as any)).toBe(true)
+      })
+
+      it('filters unsupported OpenAI catalog entries', () => {
+        expect(isSupportedModel({ id: 'tts-1', object: 'model' } as any)).toBe(false)
+      })
+    })
+
+    describe('agentModelFilter', () => {
+      it('returns true for regular models', () => {
+        expect(agentModelFilter(createModel())).toBe(true)
+      })
+
+      it('filters out embedding models', () => {
+        embeddingMock.mockReturnValueOnce(true)
+        expect(agentModelFilter(createModel({ id: 'text-embedding' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+
+      it('filters out rerank models', () => {
+        embeddingMock.mockReturnValue(false)
+        rerankMock.mockReturnValueOnce(true)
+        expect(agentModelFilter(createModel({ id: 'rerank' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+
+      it('filters out text-to-image models', () => {
+        rerankMock.mockReturnValue(false)
+        textToImageMock.mockReturnValueOnce(true)
+        expect(agentModelFilter(createModel({ id: 'gpt-image-1' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+    })
 
     textToImageMock.mockReturnValue(false)
     generateImageMock.mockReturnValueOnce(true)
     expect(agentModelFilter(createModel({ id: 'dall-e-3' }))).toBe(false)
   })
 
-  it('identifies models with maximum temperature of 1.0', () => {
-    // Zhipu models should have max temperature of 1.0
-    expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'glm-4' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'GLM-4-Plus' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'glm-3-turbo' }))).toBe(true)
+  describe('Temperature limits', () => {
+    describe('isMaxTemperatureOneModel', () => {
+      it('returns true for Zhipu models', () => {
+        expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'glm-4' }))).toBe(true)
+        expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'GLM-4-Plus' }))).toBe(true)
+        expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'glm-3-turbo' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
 
-    // Anthropic models should have max temperature of 1.0
-    expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'claude-3.5-sonnet' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'Claude-3-opus' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'claude-2.1' }))).toBe(true)
+      it('returns true for Anthropic models', () => {
+        expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'claude-3.5-sonnet' }))).toBe(true)
+        expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'Claude-3-opus' }))).toBe(true)
+        expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'claude-2.1' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
 
-    // Moonshot models should have max temperature of 1.0
-    expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'moonshot-1.0' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'kimi-k2-thinking' }))).toBe(true)
-    expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'Moonshot-Pro' }))).toBe(true)
+      it('returns true for Moonshot models', () => {
+        expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'moonshot-1.0' }))).toBe(true)
+        expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'kimi-k2-thinking' }))).toBe(true)
+        expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'Moonshot-Pro' }))).toBe(true)
+      })
 
-    // Other models should return false
-    expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }))).toBe(false)
-    expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4-turbo' }))).toBe(false)
-    expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-max' }))).toBe(false)
-    expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'gemini-pro' }))).toBe(false)
+      it('returns false for other models', () => {
+        expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4o' }))).toBe(false)
+        expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'gpt-4-turbo' }))).toBe(false)
+        expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'qwen-max' }))).toBe(false)
+        expect(isMaxTemperatureOneModel(createModel({ id: 'gemini-pro' }))).toBe(false)
+      })
+    })
   })
 })
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/config/models/utils.ts b/src/renderer/src/config/models/utils.ts
index 8a52d6e4ff..bd45ed224f 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/config/models/utils.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/config/models/utils.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,14 @@ import { type Model, SystemProviderIds } from '@renderer/types'
 import type { OpenAIVerbosity, ValidOpenAIVerbosity } from '@renderer/types/aiCoreTypes'
 import { getLowerBaseModelName } from '@renderer/utils'
 
-import { isOpenAIChatCompletionOnlyModel, isOpenAIOpenWeightModel, isOpenAIReasoningModel } from './openai'
+import {
+  isGPT5ProModel,
+  isGPT5SeriesModel,
+  isGPT51SeriesModel,
+  isOpenAIChatCompletionOnlyModel,
+  isOpenAIOpenWeightModel,
+  isOpenAIReasoningModel
+} from './openai'
 import { isQwenMTModel } from './qwen'
 import { isGenerateImageModel, isTextToImageModel, isVisionModel } from './vision'
 export const NOT_SUPPORTED_REGEX = /(?:^tts|whisper|speech)/i
@@ -123,21 +130,46 @@ export const isNotSupportSystemMessageModel = (model: Model): boolean => {
   return isQwenMTModel(model) || isGemmaModel(model)
 }
 
-// GPT-5 verbosity configuration
+// Verbosity settings is only supported by GPT-5 and newer models
+// Specifically, GPT-5 and GPT-5.1 for now
 // gpt-5-pro only supports 'high', other GPT-5 models support all levels
-export const MODEL_SUPPORTED_VERBOSITY: Record<string, ValidOpenAIVerbosity[]> = {
-  'gpt-5-pro': ['high'],
-  default: ['low', 'medium', 'high']
-} as const
+const MODEL_SUPPORTED_VERBOSITY: readonly {
+  readonly validator: (model: Model) => boolean
+  readonly values: readonly ValidOpenAIVerbosity[]
+}[] = [
+  // gpt-5-pro
+  { validator: isGPT5ProModel, values: ['high'] },
+  // gpt-5 except gpt-5-pro
+  {
+    validator: (model: Model) => isGPT5SeriesModel(model) && !isGPT5ProModel(model),
+    values: ['low', 'medium', 'high']
+  },
+  // gpt-5.1
+  { validator: isGPT51SeriesModel, values: ['low', 'medium', 'high'] }
+]
 
-export const getModelSupportedVerbosity = (model: Model): OpenAIVerbosity[] => {
-  const modelId = getLowerBaseModelName(model.id)
-  let supportedValues: ValidOpenAIVerbosity[]
-  if (modelId.includes('gpt-5-pro')) {
-    supportedValues = MODEL_SUPPORTED_VERBOSITY['gpt-5-pro']
-  } else {
-    supportedValues = MODEL_SUPPORTED_VERBOSITY.default
+/**
+ * Returns the list of supported verbosity levels for the given model.
+ * If the model is not recognized as a GPT-5 series model, only `undefined` is returned.
+ * For GPT-5-pro, only 'high' is supported; for other GPT-5 models, 'low', 'medium', and 'high' are supported.
+ * For GPT-5.1 series models, 'low', 'medium', and 'high' are supported.
+ * @param model - The model to check
+ * @returns An array of supported verbosity levels, always including `undefined` as the first element
+ */
+export const getModelSupportedVerbosity = (model: Model | undefined | null): OpenAIVerbosity[] => {
+  if (!model) {
+    return [undefined]
   }
+
+  let supportedValues: ValidOpenAIVerbosity[] = []
+
+  for (const { validator, values } of MODEL_SUPPORTED_VERBOSITY) {
+    if (validator(model)) {
+      supportedValues = [...values]
+      break
+    }
+  }
+
   return [undefined, ...supportedValues]
 }
 
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/pages/settings/AboutSettings.tsx b/src/renderer/src/pages/settings/AboutSettings.tsx
index 5feb2fa5bb..3bf02a518d 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/pages/settings/AboutSettings.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/src/pages/settings/AboutSettings.tsx
@@ -404,11 +404,11 @@ const UpdateNotesWrapper = styled.div`
   margin: 8px 0;
   background-color: var(--color-bg-2);
   border-radius: 6px;
+  color: var(--color-text-2);
+  font-size: 14px;
 
   p {
     margin: 0;
-    color: var(--color-text-2);
-    font-size: 14px;
   }
 `
 
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/pages/settings/AssistantSettings/AssistantModelSettings.tsx b/src/renderer/src/pages/settings/AssistantSettings/AssistantModelSettings.tsx
index c452096d47..bc594235a7 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/pages/settings/AssistantSettings/AssistantModelSettings.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/src/pages/settings/AssistantSettings/AssistantModelSettings.tsx
@@ -135,12 +135,18 @@ const AssistantModelSettings: FC<Props> = ({ assistant, updateAssistant, updateA
           <Input
             value={typeof param.value === 'string' ? param.value : JSON.stringify(param.value, null, 2)}
             onChange={(e) => {
-              try {
-                const jsonValue = JSON.parse(e.target.value)
-                onUpdateCustomParameter(index, 'value', jsonValue)
-              } catch {
-                onUpdateCustomParameter(index, 'value', e.target.value)
-              }
+              // For JSON type parameters, always store the value as a STRING
+              //
+              // Data Flow:
+              // 1. UI stores: { name: "config", value: '{"key":"value"}', type: "json" } ← STRING format
+              // 2. API parses: getCustomParameters() in src/renderer/src/aiCore/utils/reasoning.ts:687-696
+              //                calls JSON.parse() to convert string to object
+              // 3. Request sends: The parsed object is sent to the AI provider
+              //
+              // Previously this code was parsing JSON here and storing
+              // the object directly, which caused getCustomParameters() to fail when trying
+              // to JSON.parse() an already-parsed object.
+              onUpdateCustomParameter(index, 'value', e.target.value)
             }}
           />
         )
diff --git a/src/renderer/src/store/assistants.ts b/src/renderer/src/store/assistants.ts
index 4db73a9547..51638be9f6 100644
--- a/src/renderer/src/store/assistants.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/src/store/assistants.ts
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ const assistantsSlice = createSlice({
         if (agent.id === action.payload.assistantId) {
           for (const key in settings) {
             if (!agent.settings) {
-              agent.settings = DEFAULT_ASSISTANT_SETTINGS
+              agent.settings = { ...DEFAULT_ASSISTANT_SETTINGS }
             }
             agent.settings[key] = settings[key]
           }
diff --git a/tests/e2e/README.md b/tests/e2e/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6da89ddd6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+# E2E Testing Guide
+
+本目录包含 Cherry Studio 的端到端 (E2E) 测试，使用 Playwright 测试 Electron 应用。
+
+## 目录结构
+
+```
+tests/e2e/
+├── README.md                 # 本文档
+├── global-setup.ts           # 全局测试初始化
+├── global-teardown.ts        # 全局测试清理
+├── fixtures/
+│   └── electron.fixture.ts   # Electron 应用启动 fixture
+├── utils/
+│   ├── wait-helpers.ts       # 等待辅助函数
+│   └── index.ts              # 工具导出
+├── pages/                    # Page Object Model
+│   ├── base.page.ts          # 基础页面对象类
+│   ├── sidebar.page.ts       # 侧边栏导航
+│   ├── home.page.ts          # 首页/聊天页
+│   ├── settings.page.ts      # 设置页
+│   ├── chat.page.ts          # 聊天交互
+│   └── index.ts              # 页面对象导出
+└── specs/                    # 测试用例
+    ├── app-launch.spec.ts    # 应用启动测试
+    ├── navigation.spec.ts    # 页面导航测试
+    ├── settings/             # 设置相关测试
+    │   └── general.spec.ts
+    └── conversation/         # 对话相关测试
+        └── basic-chat.spec.ts
+```
+
+---
+
+## 运行测试
+
+### 前置条件
+
+1. 安装依赖：`yarn install`
+2. 构建应用：`yarn build`
+
+### 运行命令
+
+```bash
+# 运行所有 e2e 测试
+yarn test:e2e
+
+# 带可视化窗口运行（可以看到测试过程）
+yarn test:e2e --headed
+
+# 运行特定测试文件
+yarn playwright test tests/e2e/specs/app-launch.spec.ts
+
+# 运行匹配名称的测试
+yarn playwright test -g "should launch"
+
+# 调试模式（会暂停并打开调试器）
+yarn playwright test --debug
+
+# 使用 Playwright UI 模式
+yarn playwright test --ui
+
+# 查看测试报告
+yarn playwright show-report
+```
+
+### 常见问题
+
+**Q: 测试时看不到窗口？**
+A: 默认是 headless 模式，使用 `--headed` 参数可看到窗口。
+
+**Q: 测试失败，提示找不到元素？**
+A:
+1. 确保已运行 `yarn build` 构建最新代码
+2. 检查选择器是否正确，UI 可能已更新
+
+**Q: 测试超时？**
+A: Electron 应用启动较慢，可在测试中增加超时时间：
+```typescript
+test.setTimeout(60000) // 60秒
+```
+
+---
+
+## AI 助手指南：创建新测试用例
+
+以下内容供 AI 助手（如 Claude、GPT）在创建新测试用例时参考。
+
+### 基本原则
+
+1. **使用 Page Object Model (POM)**：所有页面交互应通过 `pages/` 目录下的页面对象进行
+2. **使用自定义 fixture**：从 `../fixtures/electron.fixture` 导入 `test` 和 `expect`
+3. **等待策略**：使用 `utils/wait-helpers.ts` 中的等待函数，避免硬编码 `waitForTimeout`
+4. **测试独立性**：每个测试应该独立运行，不依赖其他测试的状态
+
+### 创建新测试文件
+
+```typescript
+// tests/e2e/specs/[feature]/[feature].spec.ts
+
+import { test, expect } from '../../fixtures/electron.fixture'
+import { SomePageObject } from '../../pages/some.page'
+import { waitForAppReady } from '../../utils/wait-helpers'
+
+test.describe('Feature Name', () => {
+  let pageObject: SomePageObject
+
+  test.beforeEach(async ({ mainWindow }) => {
+    await waitForAppReady(mainWindow)
+    pageObject = new SomePageObject(mainWindow)
+  })
+
+  test('should do something', async ({ mainWindow }) => {
+    // 测试逻辑
+  })
+})
+```
+
+### 创建新页面对象
+
+```typescript
+// tests/e2e/pages/[feature].page.ts
+
+import { Page, Locator } from '@playwright/test'
+import { BasePage } from './base.page'
+
+export class FeaturePage extends BasePage {
+  // 定义页面元素定位器
+  readonly someButton: Locator
+  readonly someInput: Locator
+
+  constructor(page: Page) {
+    super(page)
+    // 使用多种选择器策略，提高稳定性
+    this.someButton = page.locator('[class*="SomeButton"], button:has-text("Some Text")')
+    this.someInput = page.locator('input[placeholder*="placeholder"]')
+  }
+
+  // 页面操作方法
+  async doSomething(): Promise<void> {
+    await this.someButton.click()
+  }
+
+  // 状态检查方法
+  async isSomethingVisible(): Promise<boolean> {
+    return this.someButton.isVisible()
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### 选择器最佳实践
+
+```typescript
+// 优先级从高到低：
+
+// 1. data-testid（最稳定，但需要在源码中添加）
+page.locator('[data-testid="submit-button"]')
+
+// 2. 语义化角色
+page.locator('button[role="submit"]')
+page.locator('[aria-label="Send message"]')
+
+// 3. 类名模糊匹配（适应 CSS Modules / styled-components）
+page.locator('[class*="SendButton"]')
+page.locator('[class*="send-button"]')
+
+// 4. 文本内容
+page.locator('button:has-text("发送")')
+page.locator('text=Submit')
+
+// 5. 组合选择器（提高稳定性）
+page.locator('[class*="ChatInput"] textarea, [class*="InputBar"] textarea')
+
+// 避免使用：
+// - 精确类名（容易因构建变化而失效）
+// - 层级过深的选择器
+// - 索引选择器（如 nth-child）除非必要
+```
+
+### 等待策略
+
+```typescript
+import { waitForAppReady, waitForNavigation, waitForModal } from '../../utils/wait-helpers'
+
+// 等待应用就绪
+await waitForAppReady(mainWindow)
+
+// 等待导航完成（HashRouter）
+await waitForNavigation(mainWindow, '/settings')
+
+// 等待模态框出现
+await waitForModal(mainWindow)
+
+// 等待元素可见
+await page.locator('.some-element').waitFor({ state: 'visible', timeout: 10000 })
+
+// 等待元素消失
+await page.locator('.loading').waitFor({ state: 'hidden' })
+
+// 避免使用固定等待时间
+// BAD: await page.waitForTimeout(3000)
+// GOOD: await page.waitForSelector('.element', { state: 'visible' })
+```
+
+### 断言模式
+
+```typescript
+// 使用 Playwright 的自动重试断言
+await expect(page.locator('.element')).toBeVisible()
+await expect(page.locator('.element')).toHaveText('expected text')
+await expect(page.locator('.element')).toHaveCount(3)
+
+// 检查 URL（HashRouter）
+await expect(page).toHaveURL(/.*#\/settings.*/)
+
+// 软断言（不会立即失败）
+await expect.soft(page.locator('.element')).toBeVisible()
+
+// 自定义超时
+await expect(page.locator('.slow-element')).toBeVisible({ timeout: 30000 })
+```
+
+### 处理 Electron 特性
+
+```typescript
+// 访问 Electron 主进程
+const bounds = await electronApp.evaluate(({ BrowserWindow }) => {
+  const win = BrowserWindow.getAllWindows()[0]
+  return win?.getBounds()
+})
+
+// 检查窗口状态
+const isMaximized = await electronApp.evaluate(({ BrowserWindow }) => {
+  const win = BrowserWindow.getAllWindows()[0]
+  return win?.isMaximized()
+})
+
+// 调用 IPC（通过 preload 暴露的 API）
+const result = await mainWindow.evaluate(() => {
+  return (window as any).api.someMethod()
+})
+```
+
+### 测试文件命名规范
+
+```
+specs/
+├── [feature].spec.ts           # 单文件测试
+├── [feature]/
+│   ├── [sub-feature].spec.ts   # 子功能测试
+│   └── [another].spec.ts
+```
+
+示例：
+- `app-launch.spec.ts` - 应用启动
+- `navigation.spec.ts` - 页面导航
+- `settings/general.spec.ts` - 通用设置
+- `conversation/basic-chat.spec.ts` - 基础聊天
+
+### 添加新页面对象后的清单
+
+1. 在 `pages/` 目录创建 `[feature].page.ts`
+2. 继承 `BasePage` 类
+3. 在 `pages/index.ts` 中导出
+4. 在对应的 spec 文件中导入使用
+
+### 测试用例编写清单
+
+- [ ] 使用自定义 fixture (`test`, `expect`)
+- [ ] 在 `beforeEach` 中调用 `waitForAppReady`
+- [ ] 使用 Page Object 进行页面交互
+- [ ] 使用描述性的测试名称
+- [ ] 添加适当的断言
+- [ ] 处理可能的异步操作
+- [ ] 考虑测试失败时的清理
+
+### 调试技巧
+
+```typescript
+// 截图调试
+await mainWindow.screenshot({ path: 'debug.png' })
+
+// 打印页面 HTML
+console.log(await mainWindow.content())
+
+// 暂停测试进行调试
+await mainWindow.pause()
+
+// 打印元素数量
+console.log(await page.locator('.element').count())
+```
+
+---
+
+## 配置文件
+
+主要配置在项目根目录的 `playwright.config.ts`：
+
+- `testDir`: 测试目录 (`./tests/e2e/specs`)
+- `timeout`: 测试超时 (60秒)
+- `workers`: 并发数 (1，Electron 需要串行)
+- `retries`: 重试次数 (CI 环境下为 2)
+
+---
+
+## 相关文档
+
+- [Playwright 官方文档](https://playwright.dev/docs/intro)
+- [Playwright Electron 测试](https://playwright.dev/docs/api/class-electron)
+- [Page Object Model](https://playwright.dev/docs/pom)
diff --git a/tests/e2e/fixtures/electron.fixture.ts b/tests/e2e/fixtures/electron.fixture.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cf9def26e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/fixtures/electron.fixture.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+import type { ElectronApplication, Page } from '@playwright/test'
+import { _electron as electron, test as base } from '@playwright/test'
+
+/**
+ * Custom fixtures for Electron e2e testing.
+ * Provides electronApp and mainWindow to all tests.
+ */
+export type ElectronFixtures = {
+  electronApp: ElectronApplication
+  mainWindow: Page
+}
+
+export const test = base.extend<ElectronFixtures>({
+  electronApp: async ({}, use) => {
+    // Launch Electron app from project root
+    // The args ['.'] tells Electron to load the app from current directory
+    const electronApp = await electron.launch({
+      args: ['.'],
+      env: {
+        ...process.env,
+        NODE_ENV: 'development'
+      },
+      timeout: 60000
+    })
+
+    await use(electronApp)
+
+    // Cleanup: close the app after test
+    await electronApp.close()
+  },
+
+  mainWindow: async ({ electronApp }, use) => {
+    // Wait for the main window (title: "Cherry Studio", not "Quick Assistant")
+    // On Mac, the app may create miniWindow for QuickAssistant with different title
+    const mainWindow = await electronApp.waitForEvent('window', {
+      predicate: async (window) => {
+        const title = await window.title()
+        return title === 'Cherry Studio'
+      },
+      timeout: 60000
+    })
+
+    // Wait for React app to mount
+    await mainWindow.waitForSelector('#root', { state: 'attached', timeout: 60000 })
+
+    // Wait for initial content to load
+    await mainWindow.waitForLoadState('domcontentloaded')
+
+    await use(mainWindow)
+  }
+})
+
+export { expect } from '@playwright/test'
diff --git a/tests/e2e/global-setup.ts b/tests/e2e/global-setup.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..edda731d5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/global-setup.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import * as fs from 'fs'
+import * as path from 'path'
+
+/**
+ * Global setup for Playwright e2e tests.
+ * This runs once before all tests.
+ */
+async function globalSetup() {
+  console.log('Running global setup...')
+
+  // Create test results directories
+  const resultsDir = path.join(process.cwd(), 'test-results')
+  const screenshotsDir = path.join(resultsDir, 'screenshots')
+
+  if (!fs.existsSync(screenshotsDir)) {
+    fs.mkdirSync(screenshotsDir, { recursive: true })
+  }
+
+  // Set environment variables for testing
+  process.env.NODE_ENV = 'test'
+
+  console.log('Global setup complete')
+}
+
+export default globalSetup
diff --git a/tests/e2e/global-teardown.ts b/tests/e2e/global-teardown.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6336248e14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/global-teardown.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+/**
+ * Global teardown for Playwright e2e tests.
+ * This runs once after all tests complete.
+ */
+async function globalTeardown() {
+  console.log('Running global teardown...')
+
+  // Cleanup tasks can be added here:
+  // - Kill orphaned Electron processes
+  // - Clean up temporary test data
+  // - Reset test databases
+
+  console.log('Global teardown complete')
+}
+
+export default globalTeardown
diff --git a/tests/e2e/launch.test.tsx b/tests/e2e/launch.test.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index 8636c01695..0000000000
--- a/tests/e2e/launch.test.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-import { _electron as electron, expect, test } from '@playwright/test'
-
-let electronApp: any
-let window: any
-
-test.describe('App Launch', () => {
-  test('should launch and close the main application', async () => {
-    electronApp = await electron.launch({ args: ['.'] })
-    window = await electronApp.firstWindow()
-    expect(window).toBeDefined()
-    await electronApp.close()
-  })
-})
diff --git a/tests/e2e/pages/base.page.ts b/tests/e2e/pages/base.page.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fe8065a650
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/pages/base.page.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+import type { Locator, Page } from '@playwright/test'
+import * as fs from 'fs'
+import * as path from 'path'
+
+/**
+ * Base Page Object class.
+ * All page objects should extend this class.
+ */
+export abstract class BasePage {
+  constructor(protected page: Page) {}
+
+  /**
+   * Navigate to a path using HashRouter.
+   * The app uses HashRouter, so we need to change window.location.hash.
+   */
+  async navigateTo(routePath: string): Promise<void> {
+    await this.page.evaluate((p) => {
+      window.location.hash = p
+    }, routePath)
+    await this.page.waitForLoadState('domcontentloaded')
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Wait for an element to be visible.
+   */
+  async waitForElement(selector: string, timeout: number = 10000): Promise<Locator> {
+    const locator = this.page.locator(selector)
+    await locator.waitFor({ state: 'visible', timeout })
+    return locator
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Wait for an element to be hidden.
+   */
+  async waitForElementHidden(selector: string, timeout: number = 10000): Promise<void> {
+    const locator = this.page.locator(selector)
+    await locator.waitFor({ state: 'hidden', timeout })
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Take a screenshot for debugging.
+   */
+  async takeScreenshot(name: string): Promise<void> {
+    const screenshotsDir = path.join(process.cwd(), 'test-results', 'screenshots')
+    if (!fs.existsSync(screenshotsDir)) {
+      fs.mkdirSync(screenshotsDir, { recursive: true })
+    }
+
+    await this.page.screenshot({
+      path: path.join(screenshotsDir, `${name}.png`),
+      fullPage: true
+    })
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the current route from the hash.
+   */
+  async getCurrentRoute(): Promise<string> {
+    const url = this.page.url()
+    const hash = new URL(url).hash
+    return hash.replace('#', '') || '/'
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Click an element with retry.
+   */
+  async clickWithRetry(selector: string, maxRetries: number = 3): Promise<void> {
+    for (let i = 0; i < maxRetries; i++) {
+      try {
+        await this.page.click(selector, { timeout: 5000 })
+        return
+      } catch (error) {
+        if (i === maxRetries - 1) throw error
+        await this.page.waitForTimeout(500)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Fill an input field.
+   */
+  async fillInput(selector: string, value: string): Promise<void> {
+    const input = this.page.locator(selector)
+    await input.fill(value)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get text content of an element.
+   */
+  async getTextContent(selector: string): Promise<string | null> {
+    const locator = this.page.locator(selector)
+    return locator.textContent()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check if an element is visible.
+   */
+  async isElementVisible(selector: string): Promise<boolean> {
+    const locator = this.page.locator(selector)
+    return locator.isVisible()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Count elements matching a selector.
+   */
+  async countElements(selector: string): Promise<number> {
+    const locator = this.page.locator(selector)
+    return locator.count()
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/e2e/pages/chat.page.ts b/tests/e2e/pages/chat.page.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c0b6b91814
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/pages/chat.page.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+import type { Locator, Page } from '@playwright/test'
+
+import { BasePage } from './base.page'
+
+/**
+ * Page Object for the Chat/Conversation interface.
+ * Handles message input, sending, and conversation management.
+ */
+export class ChatPage extends BasePage {
+  readonly chatContainer: Locator
+  readonly inputArea: Locator
+  readonly sendButton: Locator
+  readonly messageList: Locator
+  readonly userMessages: Locator
+  readonly assistantMessages: Locator
+  readonly newTopicButton: Locator
+  readonly topicList: Locator
+  readonly stopButton: Locator
+
+  constructor(page: Page) {
+    super(page)
+    this.chatContainer = page.locator('#chat, [class*="Chat"]')
+    this.inputArea = page.locator(
+      '[class*="Inputbar"] textarea, [class*="InputBar"] textarea, [contenteditable="true"]'
+    )
+    this.sendButton = page.locator(
+      '[class*="SendMessageButton"], [class*="send-button"], button[aria-label*="send"], button[title*="send"]'
+    )
+    this.messageList = page.locator('#messages, [class*="Messages"], [class*="MessageList"]')
+    this.userMessages = page.locator('[class*="UserMessage"], [class*="user-message"]')
+    this.assistantMessages = page.locator('[class*="AssistantMessage"], [class*="assistant-message"]')
+    this.newTopicButton = page.locator('[class*="NewTopicButton"], [class*="new-topic"]')
+    this.topicList = page.locator('[class*="TopicList"], [class*="topic-list"]')
+    this.stopButton = page.locator('[class*="StopButton"], [class*="stop-button"]')
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Navigate to chat/home page.
+   */
+  async goto(): Promise<void> {
+    await this.navigateTo('/')
+    await this.chatContainer
+      .first()
+      .waitFor({ state: 'visible', timeout: 15000 })
+      .catch(() => {})
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check if chat is visible.
+   */
+  async isChatVisible(): Promise<boolean> {
+    return this.chatContainer.first().isVisible()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Type a message in the input area.
+   */
+  async typeMessage(message: string): Promise<void> {
+    await this.inputArea.first().fill(message)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Clear the input area.
+   */
+  async clearInput(): Promise<void> {
+    await this.inputArea.first().clear()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Click the send button.
+   */
+  async clickSend(): Promise<void> {
+    await this.sendButton.first().click()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Type and send a message.
+   */
+  async sendMessage(message: string): Promise<void> {
+    await this.typeMessage(message)
+    await this.clickSend()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the current input value.
+   */
+  async getInputValue(): Promise<string> {
+    return (await this.inputArea.first().inputValue()) || (await this.inputArea.first().textContent()) || ''
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the count of user messages.
+   */
+  async getUserMessageCount(): Promise<number> {
+    return this.userMessages.count()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the count of assistant messages.
+   */
+  async getAssistantMessageCount(): Promise<number> {
+    return this.assistantMessages.count()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check if send button is enabled.
+   */
+  async isSendButtonEnabled(): Promise<boolean> {
+    const isDisabled = await this.sendButton.first().isDisabled()
+    return !isDisabled
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new topic/conversation.
+   */
+  async createNewTopic(): Promise<void> {
+    await this.newTopicButton.first().click()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check if stop button is visible (indicates ongoing generation).
+   */
+  async isGenerating(): Promise<boolean> {
+    return this.stopButton.first().isVisible()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Click stop button to stop generation.
+   */
+  async stopGeneration(): Promise<void> {
+    await this.stopButton.first().click()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Wait for generation to complete.
+   */
+  async waitForGenerationComplete(timeout: number = 60000): Promise<void> {
+    await this.stopButton.first().waitFor({ state: 'hidden', timeout })
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/e2e/pages/home.page.ts b/tests/e2e/pages/home.page.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4d3efb88aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/pages/home.page.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+import type { Locator, Page } from '@playwright/test'
+
+import { BasePage } from './base.page'
+
+/**
+ * Page Object for the Home/Chat page.
+ * This is the main page where users interact with AI assistants.
+ */
+export class HomePage extends BasePage {
+  readonly homePage: Locator
+  readonly chatContainer: Locator
+  readonly inputBar: Locator
+  readonly messagesList: Locator
+  readonly sendButton: Locator
+  readonly newTopicButton: Locator
+  readonly assistantTabs: Locator
+  readonly topicList: Locator
+
+  constructor(page: Page) {
+    super(page)
+    this.homePage = page.locator('#home-page, [class*="HomePage"], [class*="Home"]')
+    this.chatContainer = page.locator('#chat, [class*="Chat"]')
+    this.inputBar = page.locator('[class*="Inputbar"], [class*="InputBar"], [class*="input-bar"]')
+    this.messagesList = page.locator('#messages, [class*="Messages"], [class*="MessageList"]')
+    this.sendButton = page.locator('[class*="SendMessageButton"], [class*="send-button"], button[type="submit"]')
+    this.newTopicButton = page.locator('[class*="NewTopicButton"], [class*="new-topic"]')
+    this.assistantTabs = page.locator('[class*="HomeTabs"], [class*="AssistantTabs"]')
+    this.topicList = page.locator('[class*="TopicList"], [class*="topic-list"]')
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Navigate to the home page.
+   */
+  async goto(): Promise<void> {
+    await this.navigateTo('/')
+    await this.homePage
+      .first()
+      .waitFor({ state: 'visible', timeout: 15000 })
+      .catch(() => {})
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check if the home page is loaded.
+   */
+  async isLoaded(): Promise<boolean> {
+    return this.homePage.first().isVisible()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Type a message in the input area.
+   */
+  async typeMessage(message: string): Promise<void> {
+    const input = this.page.locator(
+      '[class*="Inputbar"] textarea, [class*="Inputbar"] [contenteditable], [class*="InputBar"] textarea'
+    )
+    await input.first().fill(message)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Click the send button to send a message.
+   */
+  async sendMessage(): Promise<void> {
+    await this.sendButton.first().click()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Type and send a message.
+   */
+  async sendChatMessage(message: string): Promise<void> {
+    await this.typeMessage(message)
+    await this.sendMessage()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the count of messages in the chat.
+   */
+  async getMessageCount(): Promise<number> {
+    const messages = this.page.locator('[class*="Message"]:not([class*="Messages"]):not([class*="MessageList"])')
+    return messages.count()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new topic/conversation.
+   */
+  async createNewTopic(): Promise<void> {
+    await this.newTopicButton.first().click()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check if the chat interface is visible.
+   */
+  async isChatVisible(): Promise<boolean> {
+    return this.chatContainer.first().isVisible()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check if the input bar is visible.
+   */
+  async isInputBarVisible(): Promise<boolean> {
+    return this.inputBar.first().isVisible()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the placeholder text of the input field.
+   */
+  async getInputPlaceholder(): Promise<string | null> {
+    const input = this.page.locator('[class*="Inputbar"] textarea, [class*="InputBar"] textarea')
+    return input.first().getAttribute('placeholder')
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/e2e/pages/index.ts b/tests/e2e/pages/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..453b8fa532
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/pages/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+/**
+ * Export all page objects for easy importing.
+ */
+export { BasePage } from './base.page'
+export { ChatPage } from './chat.page'
+export { HomePage } from './home.page'
+export { SettingsPage } from './settings.page'
+export { SidebarPage } from './sidebar.page'
diff --git a/tests/e2e/pages/settings.page.ts b/tests/e2e/pages/settings.page.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..44fd2b683b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/pages/settings.page.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+import type { Locator, Page } from '@playwright/test'
+
+import { BasePage } from './base.page'
+
+/**
+ * Page Object for the Settings page.
+ * Handles navigation and interaction with various settings sections.
+ */
+export class SettingsPage extends BasePage {
+  readonly settingsContainer: Locator
+  readonly providerMenuItem: Locator
+  readonly modelMenuItem: Locator
+  readonly generalMenuItem: Locator
+  readonly displayMenuItem: Locator
+  readonly dataMenuItem: Locator
+  readonly mcpMenuItem: Locator
+  readonly memoryMenuItem: Locator
+  readonly aboutMenuItem: Locator
+
+  constructor(page: Page) {
+    super(page)
+    this.settingsContainer = page.locator('[id="content-container"], [class*="Settings"]')
+    this.providerMenuItem = page.locator('a[href*="/settings/provider"]')
+    this.modelMenuItem = page.locator('a[href*="/settings/model"]')
+    this.generalMenuItem = page.locator('a[href*="/settings/general"]')
+    this.displayMenuItem = page.locator('a[href*="/settings/display"]')
+    this.dataMenuItem = page.locator('a[href*="/settings/data"]')
+    this.mcpMenuItem = page.locator('a[href*="/settings/mcp"]')
+    this.memoryMenuItem = page.locator('a[href*="/settings/memory"]')
+    this.aboutMenuItem = page.locator('a[href*="/settings/about"]')
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Navigate to settings page (provider by default).
+   */
+  async goto(): Promise<void> {
+    await this.navigateTo('/settings/provider')
+    await this.waitForElement('[id="content-container"], [class*="Settings"]')
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check if settings page is loaded.
+   */
+  async isLoaded(): Promise<boolean> {
+    return this.settingsContainer.first().isVisible()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Navigate to Provider settings.
+   */
+  async goToProvider(): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+      await this.providerMenuItem.click({ timeout: 5000 })
+    } catch {
+      await this.navigateTo('/settings/provider')
+    }
+    await this.page.waitForURL('**/#/settings/provider**', { timeout: 10000 }).catch(() => {})
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Navigate to Model settings.
+   */
+  async goToModel(): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+      await this.modelMenuItem.click({ timeout: 5000 })
+    } catch {
+      await this.navigateTo('/settings/model')
+    }
+    await this.page.waitForURL('**/#/settings/model**', { timeout: 10000 }).catch(() => {})
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Navigate to General settings.
+   */
+  async goToGeneral(): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+      await this.generalMenuItem.click({ timeout: 5000 })
+    } catch {
+      await this.navigateTo('/settings/general')
+    }
+    await this.page.waitForURL('**/#/settings/general**', { timeout: 10000 }).catch(() => {})
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Navigate to Display settings.
+   */
+  async goToDisplay(): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+      await this.displayMenuItem.click({ timeout: 5000 })
+    } catch {
+      await this.navigateTo('/settings/display')
+    }
+    await this.page.waitForURL('**/#/settings/display**', { timeout: 10000 }).catch(() => {})
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Navigate to Data settings.
+   */
+  async goToData(): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+      await this.dataMenuItem.click({ timeout: 5000 })
+    } catch {
+      await this.navigateTo('/settings/data')
+    }
+    await this.page.waitForURL('**/#/settings/data**', { timeout: 10000 }).catch(() => {})
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Navigate to MCP settings.
+   */
+  async goToMCP(): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+      await this.mcpMenuItem.click({ timeout: 5000 })
+    } catch {
+      await this.navigateTo('/settings/mcp')
+    }
+    await this.page.waitForURL('**/#/settings/mcp**', { timeout: 10000 }).catch(() => {})
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Navigate to Memory settings.
+   */
+  async goToMemory(): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+      await this.memoryMenuItem.click({ timeout: 5000 })
+    } catch {
+      await this.navigateTo('/settings/memory')
+    }
+    await this.page.waitForURL('**/#/settings/memory**', { timeout: 10000 }).catch(() => {})
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Navigate to About page.
+   */
+  async goToAbout(): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+      await this.aboutMenuItem.click({ timeout: 5000 })
+    } catch {
+      await this.navigateTo('/settings/about')
+    }
+    await this.page.waitForURL('**/#/settings/about**', { timeout: 10000 }).catch(() => {})
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Toggle a switch setting by its label.
+   */
+  async toggleSwitch(label: string): Promise<void> {
+    const switchElement = this.page.locator(`text=${label}`).locator('..').locator('button[role="switch"], .ant-switch')
+    await switchElement.first().click()
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check if a menu item is active/selected.
+   */
+  async isMenuItemActive(menuItem: Locator): Promise<boolean> {
+    const className = await menuItem.getAttribute('class')
+    return className?.includes('active') || className?.includes('selected') || false
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/e2e/pages/sidebar.page.ts b/tests/e2e/pages/sidebar.page.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a65c332165
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/pages/sidebar.page.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+import type { Locator, Page } from '@playwright/test'
+
+import { BasePage } from './base.page'
+
+/**
+ * Page Object for the Sidebar/Navigation component.
+ * Handles navigation between different sections of the app.
+ */
+export class SidebarPage extends BasePage {
+  readonly sidebar: Locator
+  readonly homeLink: Locator
+  readonly storeLink: Locator
+  readonly knowledgeLink: Locator
+  readonly filesLink: Locator
+  readonly settingsLink: Locator
+  readonly appsLink: Locator
+  readonly translateLink: Locator
+
+  constructor(page: Page) {
+    super(page)
+    this.sidebar = page.locator('[class*="Sidebar"], nav, aside')
+    this.homeLink = page.locator('a[href="#/"], a[href="#!/"]').first()
+    this.storeLink = page.locator('a[href*="/store"]')
+    this.knowledgeLink = page.locator('a[href*="/knowledge"]')
+    this.filesLink = page.locator('a[href*="/files"]')
+    this.settingsLink = page.locator('a[href*="/settings"]')
+    this.appsLink = page.locator('a[href*="/apps"]')
+    this.translateLink = page.locator('a[href*="/translate"]')
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Navigate to Home page.
+   */
+  async goToHome(): Promise<void> {
+    // Try clicking the home link, or navigate directly
+    try {
+      await this.homeLink.click({ timeout: 5000 })
+    } catch {
+      await this.navigateTo('/')
+    }
+    await this.page.waitForURL(/.*#\/$|.*#$|.*#\/home.*/, { timeout: 10000 }).catch(() => {})
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Navigate to Knowledge page.
+   */
+  async goToKnowledge(): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+      await this.knowledgeLink.click({ timeout: 5000 })
+    } catch {
+      await this.navigateTo('/knowledge')
+    }
+    await this.page.waitForURL('**/#/knowledge**', { timeout: 10000 }).catch(() => {})
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Navigate to Settings page.
+   */
+  async goToSettings(): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+      await this.settingsLink.click({ timeout: 5000 })
+    } catch {
+      await this.navigateTo('/settings/provider')
+    }
+    await this.page.waitForURL('**/#/settings/**', { timeout: 10000 }).catch(() => {})
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Navigate to Files page.
+   */
+  async goToFiles(): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+      await this.filesLink.click({ timeout: 5000 })
+    } catch {
+      await this.navigateTo('/files')
+    }
+    await this.page.waitForURL('**/#/files**', { timeout: 10000 }).catch(() => {})
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Navigate to Apps page.
+   */
+  async goToApps(): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+      await this.appsLink.click({ timeout: 5000 })
+    } catch {
+      await this.navigateTo('/apps')
+    }
+    await this.page.waitForURL('**/#/apps**', { timeout: 10000 }).catch(() => {})
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Navigate to Store page.
+   */
+  async goToStore(): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+      await this.storeLink.click({ timeout: 5000 })
+    } catch {
+      await this.navigateTo('/store')
+    }
+    await this.page.waitForURL('**/#/store**', { timeout: 10000 }).catch(() => {})
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Navigate to Translate page.
+   */
+  async goToTranslate(): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+      await this.translateLink.click({ timeout: 5000 })
+    } catch {
+      await this.navigateTo('/translate')
+    }
+    await this.page.waitForURL('**/#/translate**', { timeout: 10000 }).catch(() => {})
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check if sidebar is visible.
+   */
+  async isVisible(): Promise<boolean> {
+    return this.sidebar.first().isVisible()
+  }
+}
diff --git a/tests/e2e/specs/app-launch.spec.ts b/tests/e2e/specs/app-launch.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0a58c64fb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/specs/app-launch.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import { expect, test } from '../fixtures/electron.fixture'
+import { waitForAppReady } from '../utils/wait-helpers'
+
+test.describe('App Launch', () => {
+  test('should launch the application successfully', async ({ mainWindow }) => {
+    await waitForAppReady(mainWindow)
+    expect(mainWindow).toBeDefined()
+
+    const title = await mainWindow.title()
+    expect(title).toBeTruthy()
+  })
+
+  test('should display the main content', async ({ mainWindow }) => {
+    await waitForAppReady(mainWindow)
+
+    // Check for main app content
+    const hasContent = await mainWindow.evaluate(() => {
+      const root = document.querySelector('#root')
+      return root !== null && root.innerHTML.length > 100
+    })
+
+    expect(hasContent).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  test('should have React root mounted', async ({ mainWindow }) => {
+    await waitForAppReady(mainWindow)
+
+    const hasReactRoot = await mainWindow.evaluate(() => {
+      const root = document.querySelector('#root')
+      return root !== null && root.children.length > 0
+    })
+
+    expect(hasReactRoot).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  test('should have window with reasonable size', async ({ electronApp, mainWindow }) => {
+    await waitForAppReady(mainWindow)
+
+    const bounds = await electronApp.evaluate(({ BrowserWindow }) => {
+      const win = BrowserWindow.getAllWindows()[0]
+      return win?.getBounds()
+    })
+
+    expect(bounds).toBeDefined()
+    // Window should have some reasonable size (may vary based on saved state)
+    expect(bounds!.width).toBeGreaterThan(400)
+    expect(bounds!.height).toBeGreaterThan(300)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/tests/e2e/specs/conversation/basic-chat.spec.ts b/tests/e2e/specs/conversation/basic-chat.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2e03ed4ede
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/specs/conversation/basic-chat.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import { expect, test } from '../../fixtures/electron.fixture'
+import { waitForAppReady } from '../../utils/wait-helpers'
+
+test.describe('Basic Chat', () => {
+  test.beforeEach(async ({ mainWindow }) => {
+    await waitForAppReady(mainWindow)
+  })
+
+  test('should display main content on home page', async ({ mainWindow }) => {
+    // Home page is the default, just verify content exists
+    const hasContent = await mainWindow.evaluate(() => {
+      const root = document.querySelector('#root')
+      return root !== null && root.innerHTML.length > 100
+    })
+
+    expect(hasContent).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  test('should have input area for chat', async ({ mainWindow }) => {
+    // Look for textarea or input elements that could be chat input
+    const inputElements = mainWindow.locator('textarea, [contenteditable="true"], input[type="text"]')
+    const count = await inputElements.count()
+
+    // There should be at least one input element
+    expect(count).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+  })
+
+  test('should have interactive elements', async ({ mainWindow }) => {
+    // Check for buttons or clickable elements
+    const buttons = mainWindow.locator('button')
+    const count = await buttons.count()
+
+    expect(count).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/tests/e2e/specs/navigation.spec.ts b/tests/e2e/specs/navigation.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..085bff3930
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/specs/navigation.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import { expect, test } from '../fixtures/electron.fixture'
+import { SidebarPage } from '../pages/sidebar.page'
+import { waitForAppReady } from '../utils/wait-helpers'
+
+test.describe('Navigation', () => {
+  let sidebarPage: SidebarPage
+
+  test.beforeEach(async ({ mainWindow }) => {
+    await waitForAppReady(mainWindow)
+    sidebarPage = new SidebarPage(mainWindow)
+  })
+
+  test('should navigate to Settings page', async ({ mainWindow }) => {
+    await sidebarPage.goToSettings()
+
+    // Wait a bit for navigation to complete
+    await mainWindow.waitForTimeout(1000)
+
+    const currentUrl = mainWindow.url()
+    expect(currentUrl).toContain('/settings')
+  })
+
+  test('should navigate to Files page', async ({ mainWindow }) => {
+    await sidebarPage.goToFiles()
+
+    await mainWindow.waitForTimeout(1000)
+
+    const currentUrl = mainWindow.url()
+    expect(currentUrl).toContain('/files')
+  })
+
+  test('should navigate back to Home', async ({ mainWindow }) => {
+    // First go to settings
+    await sidebarPage.goToSettings()
+    await mainWindow.waitForTimeout(1000)
+
+    // Then go back to home
+    await sidebarPage.goToHome()
+    await mainWindow.waitForTimeout(1000)
+
+    // Verify we're on home page
+    const currentUrl = mainWindow.url()
+    // Home page URL should be either / or empty hash
+    expect(currentUrl).toMatch(/#\/?$|#$/)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/tests/e2e/specs/settings/general.spec.ts b/tests/e2e/specs/settings/general.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6943cf3504
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/specs/settings/general.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+import { expect, test } from '../../fixtures/electron.fixture'
+import { SettingsPage } from '../../pages/settings.page'
+import { SidebarPage } from '../../pages/sidebar.page'
+import { waitForAppReady } from '../../utils/wait-helpers'
+
+test.describe('Settings Page', () => {
+  let settingsPage: SettingsPage
+  let sidebarPage: SidebarPage
+
+  test.beforeEach(async ({ mainWindow }) => {
+    await waitForAppReady(mainWindow)
+    sidebarPage = new SidebarPage(mainWindow)
+    settingsPage = new SettingsPage(mainWindow)
+
+    // Navigate to settings
+    await sidebarPage.goToSettings()
+    await mainWindow.waitForTimeout(1000)
+  })
+
+  test('should display settings page', async ({ mainWindow }) => {
+    const currentUrl = mainWindow.url()
+    expect(currentUrl).toContain('/settings')
+  })
+
+  test('should have settings menu items', async ({ mainWindow }) => {
+    // Check for settings menu items by looking for links
+    const menuItems = mainWindow.locator('a[href*="/settings/"]')
+    const count = await menuItems.count()
+    expect(count).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+  })
+
+  test('should navigate to General settings', async ({ mainWindow }) => {
+    await settingsPage.goToGeneral()
+    await mainWindow.waitForTimeout(500)
+
+    const currentUrl = mainWindow.url()
+    expect(currentUrl).toContain('/settings/general')
+  })
+
+  test('should navigate to Display settings', async ({ mainWindow }) => {
+    await settingsPage.goToDisplay()
+    await mainWindow.waitForTimeout(500)
+
+    const currentUrl = mainWindow.url()
+    expect(currentUrl).toContain('/settings/display')
+  })
+
+  test('should navigate to About page', async ({ mainWindow }) => {
+    await settingsPage.goToAbout()
+    await mainWindow.waitForTimeout(500)
+
+    const currentUrl = mainWindow.url()
+    expect(currentUrl).toContain('/settings/about')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/tests/e2e/utils/index.ts b/tests/e2e/utils/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..908302f024
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/utils/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+/**
+ * Export all utilities for easy importing.
+ */
+export * from './wait-helpers'
diff --git a/tests/e2e/utils/wait-helpers.ts b/tests/e2e/utils/wait-helpers.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f2ad09ccc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/e2e/utils/wait-helpers.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+import type { Page } from '@playwright/test'
+
+/**
+ * Wait for the application to be fully ready.
+ * The app uses PersistGate which may delay initial render.
+ * Layout can be either Sidebar-based or TabsContainer-based depending on settings.
+ */
+export async function waitForAppReady(page: Page, timeout: number = 60000): Promise<void> {
+  // First, wait for React root to be attached
+  await page.waitForSelector('#root', { state: 'attached', timeout })
+
+  // Wait for main app content to render
+  // The app may show either:
+  // 1. Sidebar layout (navbarPosition === 'left')
+  // 2. TabsContainer layout (default)
+  // 3. Home page content
+  await page.waitForSelector(
+    [
+      '#home-page', // Home page container
+      '[class*="Sidebar"]', // Sidebar component
+      '[class*="TabsContainer"]', // Tabs container
+      '[class*="home-navbar"]', // Home navbar
+      '[class*="Container"]' // Generic container from styled-components
+    ].join(', '),
+    {
+      state: 'visible',
+      timeout
+    }
+  )
+
+  // Additional wait for React to fully hydrate
+  await page.waitForLoadState('domcontentloaded')
+}
+
+/**
+ * Wait for navigation to a specific path.
+ * The app uses HashRouter, so paths are prefixed with #.
+ */
+export async function waitForNavigation(page: Page, path: string, timeout: number = 15000): Promise<void> {
+  await page.waitForURL(`**/#${path}**`, { timeout })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Wait for the chat interface to be ready.
+ */
+export async function waitForChatReady(page: Page, timeout: number = 30000): Promise<void> {
+  await page.waitForSelector(
+    ['#home-page', '[class*="Chat"]', '[class*="Inputbar"]', '[class*="home-tabs"]'].join(', '),
+    { state: 'visible', timeout }
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Wait for the settings page to load.
+ */
+export async function waitForSettingsLoad(page: Page, timeout: number = 30000): Promise<void> {
+  await page.waitForSelector(['[class*="SettingsPage"]', '[class*="Settings"]', 'a[href*="/settings/"]'].join(', '), {
+    state: 'visible',
+    timeout
+  })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Wait for a modal/dialog to appear.
+ */
+export async function waitForModal(page: Page, timeout: number = 10000): Promise<void> {
+  await page.waitForSelector('.ant-modal, [role="dialog"], .ant-drawer', { state: 'visible', timeout })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Wait for a modal/dialog to close.
+ */
+export async function waitForModalClose(page: Page, timeout: number = 10000): Promise<void> {
+  await page.waitForSelector('.ant-modal, [role="dialog"], .ant-drawer', { state: 'hidden', timeout })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Wait for loading state to complete.
+ */
+export async function waitForLoadingComplete(page: Page, timeout: number = 30000): Promise<void> {
+  const spinner = page.locator('.ant-spin, [class*="Loading"], [class*="Spinner"]')
+  if ((await spinner.count()) > 0) {
+    await spinner.first().waitFor({ state: 'hidden', timeout })
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Wait for a notification/toast to appear.
+ */
+export async function waitForNotification(page: Page, timeout: number = 10000): Promise<void> {
+  await page.waitForSelector('.ant-notification, .ant-message, [class*="Notification"]', {
+    state: 'visible',
+    timeout
+  })
+}
+
+/**
+ * Sleep for a specified duration.
+ * Use sparingly - prefer explicit waits when possible.
+ */
+export async function sleep(ms: number): Promise<void> {
+  return new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms))
+}
diff --git a/yarn.lock b/yarn.lock
index 02d11ef5d5..7f7ed62da7 100644
--- a/yarn.lock
+++ b/yarn.lock
@@ -5437,14 +5437,14 @@ __metadata:
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
-"@playwright/test@npm:^1.52.0":
-  version: 1.52.0
-  resolution: "@playwright/test@npm:1.52.0"
+"@playwright/test@npm:^1.55.1":
+  version: 1.57.0
+  resolution: "@playwright/test@npm:1.57.0"
   dependencies:
-    playwright: "npm:1.52.0"
+    playwright: "npm:1.57.0"
   bin:
     playwright: cli.js
-  checksum: 10c0/1c428b421593eb4f79b7c99783a389c3ab3526c9051ec772749f4fca61414dfa9f2344eba846faac5f238084aa96c836364a91d81d3034ac54924f239a93e247
+  checksum: 10c0/35ba4b28be72bf0a53e33dbb11c6cff848fb9a37f49e893ce63a90675b5291ec29a1ba82c8a3b043abaead129400f0589623e9ace2e6a1c8eaa409721ecc3774
   languageName: node
   linkType: hard
 
@@ -10059,7 +10059,7 @@ __metadata:
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     "@opeoginni/github-copilot-openai-compatible": "npm:^0.1.21"
     "@paymoapp/electron-shutdown-handler": "npm:^1.1.2"
-    "@playwright/test": "npm:^1.52.0"
+    "@playwright/test": "npm:^1.55.1"
     "@radix-ui/react-context-menu": "npm:^2.2.16"
     "@reduxjs/toolkit": "npm:^2.2.5"
     "@shikijs/markdown-it": "npm:^3.12.0"
@@ -10219,7 +10219,6 @@ __metadata:
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     pdf-lib: "npm:^1.17.1"
     pdf-parse: "npm:^1.1.1"
-    playwright: "npm:^1.55.1"
     proxy-agent: "npm:^6.5.0"
     qrcode.react: "npm:^4.2.0"
     react: "npm:^19.2.0"
@@ -20699,51 +20698,27 @@ __metadata:
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+  resolution: "playwright-core@npm:1.57.0"
   bin:
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-  checksum: 10c0/640945507e6ca2144e9f596b2a6ecac042c2fd3683ff99e6271e9a7b38f3602d415f282609d569456f66680aab8b3c5bb1b257d8fb63a7fc0ed648261110421f
+  checksum: 10c0/798e35d83bf48419a8c73de20bb94d68be5dde68de23f95d80a0ebe401e3b83e29e3e84aea7894d67fa6c79d2d3d40cc5bcde3e166f657ce50987aaa2421b6a9
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-  languageName: node
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-"playwright@npm:1.52.0":
-  version: 1.52.0
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+"playwright@npm:1.57.0":
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+  resolution: "playwright@npm:1.57.0"
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-    playwright-core: "npm:1.52.0"
+    playwright-core: "npm:1.57.0"
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   languageName: node
   linkType: hard