fix: remove cloneDeep to prevent stack overflow with base64 images (#11761)

* Initial plan

* fix: replace cloneDeep with shallow copy to prevent stack overflow with base64 images

Co-authored-by: DeJeune <67425183+DeJeune@users.noreply.github.com>

* fix: remove unnecessary cloneDeep in ApiService to prevent stack overflow

Co-authored-by: DeJeune <67425183+DeJeune@users.noreply.github.com>

* fix: update message conversion logic for image enhancement models to preserve system messages and collapse user content

* Revert "fix: replace cloneDeep with shallow copy to prevent stack overflow with base64 images"

This reverts commit e203f72fc6.

* fix: 添加数据URL媒体类型解析和URL媒体类型推测功能

* Update src/renderer/src/aiCore/prepareParams/messageConverter.ts

Co-authored-by: Copilot <175728472+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>

* chore: remove dead code

* fix: resolve PR review issues for Proxy API Server

- Fix silent data loss: upgrade image load failure from warn to error level with context
- Update JSDoc: rewrite convertMessagesToSdkMessages documentation to accurately describe collapse behavior
- Add test coverage: base64 extraction from data URLs with proper mediaType handling
- Add edge case tests: collapse logic for no assistant, empty images, multiple assistants, conversation endings
- Document mutation safety: add comments explaining shallow copy is intentional in ApiService

🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code)

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix comment

---------

Co-authored-by: copilot-swe-agent[bot] <198982749+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: DeJeune <67425183+DeJeune@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: suyao <sy20010504@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Copilot <175728472+Copilot@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Claude Sonnet 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

src/renderer/src/aiCore/prepareParams/__tests__/message-converter.test.ts

@@ -137,6 +137,73 @@ describe('messageConverter', () => {
       })
     })
 
+    it('extracts base64 data from data URLs and preserves mediaType', async () => {
+      const model = createModel()
+      const message = createMessage('user')
+      message.__mockContent = 'Check this image'
+      message.__mockImageBlocks = [createImageBlock(message.id, { url: 'data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANS' })]
+
+      const result = await convertMessageToSdkParam(message, true, model)
+
+      expect(result).toEqual({
+        role: 'user',
+        content: [
+          { type: 'text', text: 'Check this image' },
+          { type: 'image', image: 'iVBORw0KGgoAAAANS', mediaType: 'image/png' }
+        ]
+      })
+    })
+
+    it('handles data URLs without mediaType gracefully', async () => {
+      const model = createModel()
+      const message = createMessage('user')
+      message.__mockContent = 'Check this'
+      message.__mockImageBlocks = [createImageBlock(message.id, { url: 'data:;base64,AAABBBCCC' })]
+
+      const result = await convertMessageToSdkParam(message, true, model)
+
+      expect(result).toEqual({
+        role: 'user',
+        content: [
+          { type: 'text', text: 'Check this' },
+          { type: 'image', image: 'AAABBBCCC' }
+        ]
+      })
+    })
+
+    it('skips malformed data URLs without comma separator', async () => {
+      const model = createModel()
+      const message = createMessage('user')
+      message.__mockContent = 'Malformed data url'
+      message.__mockImageBlocks = [createImageBlock(message.id, { url: 'data:image/pngAAABBB' })]
+
+      const result = await convertMessageToSdkParam(message, true, model)
+
+      expect(result).toEqual({
+        role: 'user',
+        content: [
+          { type: 'text', text: 'Malformed data url' }
+          // Malformed data URL is excluded from the content
+        ]
+      })
+    })
+
+    it('handles multiple large base64 images without stack overflow', async () => {
+      const model = createModel()
+      const message = createMessage('user')
+      // Create large base64 strings (~500KB each) to simulate real-world large images
+      const largeBase64 = 'A'.repeat(500_000)
+      message.__mockContent = 'Check these images'
+      message.__mockImageBlocks = [
+        createImageBlock(message.id, { url: `data:image/png;base64,${largeBase64}` }),
+        createImageBlock(message.id, { url: `data:image/png;base64,${largeBase64}` }),
+        createImageBlock(message.id, { url: `data:image/png;base64,${largeBase64}` })
+      ]
+
+      // Should not throw RangeError: Maximum call stack size exceeded
+      await expect(convertMessageToSdkParam(message, true, model)).resolves.toBeDefined()
+    })
+
     it('returns file instructions as a system message when native uploads succeed', async () => {
       const model = createModel()
       const message = createMessage('user')
@@ -165,7 +232,7 @@ describe('messageConverter', () => {
   })
 
   describe('convertMessagesToSdkMessages', () => {
-    it('appends assistant images to the final user message for image enhancement models', async () => {
+    it('collapses to [system?, user(image)] for image enhancement models', async () => {
       const model = createModel({ id: 'qwen-image-edit', name: 'Qwen Image Edit', provider: 'qwen', group: 'qwen' })
       const initialUser = createMessage('user')
       initialUser.__mockContent = 'Start editing'
@@ -180,14 +247,6 @@ describe('messageConverter', () => {
       const result = await convertMessagesToSdkMessages([initialUser, assistant, finalUser], model)
 
       expect(result).toEqual([
-        {
-          role: 'user',
-          content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'Start editing' }]
-        },
-        {
-          role: 'assistant',
-          content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'Here is the current preview' }]
-        },
         {
           role: 'user',
           content: [
@@ -198,7 +257,7 @@ describe('messageConverter', () => {
       ])
     })
 
-    it('preserves preceding system instructions when building enhancement payloads', async () => {
+    it('preserves system messages and collapses others for enhancement payloads', async () => {
       const model = createModel({ id: 'qwen-image-edit', name: 'Qwen Image Edit', provider: 'qwen', group: 'qwen' })
       const fileUser = createMessage('user')
       fileUser.__mockContent = 'Use this document as inspiration'
@@ -221,11 +280,6 @@ describe('messageConverter', () => {
 
       expect(result).toEqual([
         { role: 'system', content: 'fileid://reference' },
-        { role: 'user', content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'Use this document as inspiration' }] },
-        {
-          role: 'assistant',
-          content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'Generated previews ready' }]
-        },
         {
           role: 'user',
           content: [
@@ -235,5 +289,120 @@ describe('messageConverter', () => {
         }
       ])
     })
+
+    it('handles no previous assistant message with images', async () => {
+      const model = createModel({ id: 'qwen-image-edit', name: 'Qwen Image Edit', provider: 'qwen', group: 'qwen' })
+      const user1 = createMessage('user')
+      user1.__mockContent = 'Start'
+
+      const user2 = createMessage('user')
+      user2.__mockContent = 'Continue without images'
+
+      const result = await convertMessagesToSdkMessages([user1, user2], model)
+
+      expect(result).toEqual([
+        {
+          role: 'user',
+          content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'Continue without images' }]
+        }
+      ])
+    })
+
+    it('handles assistant message without images', async () => {
+      const model = createModel({ id: 'qwen-image-edit', name: 'Qwen Image Edit', provider: 'qwen', group: 'qwen' })
+      const user1 = createMessage('user')
+      user1.__mockContent = 'Start'
+
+      const assistant = createMessage('assistant')
+      assistant.__mockContent = 'Text only response'
+      assistant.__mockImageBlocks = []
+
+      const user2 = createMessage('user')
+      user2.__mockContent = 'Follow up'
+
+      const result = await convertMessagesToSdkMessages([user1, assistant, user2], model)
+
+      expect(result).toEqual([
+        {
+          role: 'user',
+          content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'Follow up' }]
+        }
+      ])
+    })
+
+    it('handles multiple assistant messages by using the most recent one', async () => {
+      const model = createModel({ id: 'qwen-image-edit', name: 'Qwen Image Edit', provider: 'qwen', group: 'qwen' })
+      const user1 = createMessage('user')
+      user1.__mockContent = 'Start'
+
+      const assistant1 = createMessage('assistant')
+      assistant1.__mockContent = 'First response'
+      assistant1.__mockImageBlocks = [createImageBlock(assistant1.id, { url: 'https://example.com/old.png' })]
+
+      const user2 = createMessage('user')
+      user2.__mockContent = 'Continue'
+
+      const assistant2 = createMessage('assistant')
+      assistant2.__mockContent = 'Second response'
+      assistant2.__mockImageBlocks = [createImageBlock(assistant2.id, { url: 'https://example.com/new.png' })]
+
+      const user3 = createMessage('user')
+      user3.__mockContent = 'Final request'
+
+      const result = await convertMessagesToSdkMessages([user1, assistant1, user2, assistant2, user3], model)
+
+      expect(result).toEqual([
+        {
+          role: 'user',
+          content: [
+            { type: 'text', text: 'Final request' },
+            { type: 'image', image: 'https://example.com/new.png' }
+          ]
+        }
+      ])
+    })
+
+    it('handles conversation ending with assistant message', async () => {
+      const model = createModel({ id: 'qwen-image-edit', name: 'Qwen Image Edit', provider: 'qwen', group: 'qwen' })
+      const user = createMessage('user')
+      user.__mockContent = 'Start'
+
+      const assistant = createMessage('assistant')
+      assistant.__mockContent = 'Response with image'
+      assistant.__mockImageBlocks = [createImageBlock(assistant.id, { url: 'https://example.com/image.png' })]
+
+      const result = await convertMessagesToSdkMessages([user, assistant], model)
+
+      // The user message is the last user message, but since the assistant comes after,
+      // there's no "previous" assistant message (search starts from messages.length-2 backwards)
+      expect(result).toEqual([
+        {
+          role: 'user',
+          content: [{ type: 'text', text: 'Start' }]
+        }
+      ])
+    })
+
+    it('handles empty content in last user message', async () => {
+      const model = createModel({ id: 'qwen-image-edit', name: 'Qwen Image Edit', provider: 'qwen', group: 'qwen' })
+      const user1 = createMessage('user')
+      user1.__mockContent = 'Start'
+
+      const assistant = createMessage('assistant')
+      assistant.__mockContent = 'Here is the preview'
+      assistant.__mockImageBlocks = [createImageBlock(assistant.id, { url: 'https://example.com/preview.png' })]
+
+      const user2 = createMessage('user')
+      user2.__mockContent = ''
+
+      const result = await convertMessagesToSdkMessages([user1, assistant, user2], model)
+
+      expect(result).toEqual([
+        {
+          role: 'user',
+          content: [{ type: 'image', image: 'https://example.com/preview.png' }]
+        }
+      ])
+    })
   })
 })

src/renderer/src/aiCore/prepareParams/messageConverter.ts

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import { loggerService } from '@logger'
 import { isImageEnhancementModel, isVisionModel } from '@renderer/config/models'
 import type { Message, Model } from '@renderer/types'
 import type { FileMessageBlock, ImageMessageBlock, ThinkingMessageBlock } from '@renderer/types/newMessage'
+import { parseDataUrlMediaType } from '@renderer/utils/image'
 import {
   findFileBlocks,
   findImageBlocks,
@@ -59,23 +60,29 @@ async function convertImageBlockToImagePart(imageBlocks: ImageMessageBlock[]): P
           mediaType: image.mime
         })
       } catch (error) {
-        logger.warn('Failed to load image:', error as Error)
+        logger.error('Failed to load image file, image will be excluded from message:', {
+          fileId: imageBlock.file.id,
+          fileName: imageBlock.file.origin_name,
+          error: error as Error
+        })
       }
     } else if (imageBlock.url) {
-      const isBase64 = imageBlock.url.startsWith('data:')
+      const url = imageBlock.url
-      if (isBase64) {
+      const isDataUrl = url.startsWith('data:')
-        const base64 = imageBlock.url.match(/^data:[^;]*;base64,(.+)$/)![1]
+      if (isDataUrl) {
-        const mimeMatch = imageBlock.url.match(/^data:([^;]+)/)
+        const { mediaType } = parseDataUrlMediaType(url)
-        parts.push({
+        const commaIndex = url.indexOf(',')
-          type: 'image',
+        if (commaIndex === -1) {
-          image: base64,
+          logger.error('Malformed data URL detected (missing comma separator), image will be excluded:', {
-          mediaType: mimeMatch ? mimeMatch[1] : 'image/png'
+            urlPrefix: url.slice(0, 50) + '...'
           })
+          continue
+        }
+        const base64Data = url.slice(commaIndex + 1)
+        parts.push({ type: 'image', image: base64Data, ...(mediaType ? { mediaType } : {}) })
       } else {
-        parts.push({
+        // For remote URLs we keep payload minimal to match existing expectations.
-          type: 'image',
+        parts.push({ type: 'image', image: url })
-          image: imageBlock.url
-        })
       }
     }
   }
@@ -194,17 +201,20 @@ async function convertMessageToAssistantModelMessage(
  * This function processes messages and transforms them into the format required by the SDK.
  * It handles special cases for vision models and image enhancement models.
  *
- * @param messages - Array of messages to convert. Must contain at least 3 messages when using image enhancement models for special handling.
+ * @param messages - Array of messages to convert.
  * @param model - The model configuration that determines conversion behavior
  *
  * @returns A promise that resolves to an array of SDK-compatible model messages
  *
  * @remarks
- * For image enhancement models with 3+ messages:
+ * For image enhancement models:
- * - Examines the last 2 messages to find an assistant message containing image blocks
+ * - Collapses the conversation into [system?, user(image)] format
- * - If found, extracts images from the assistant message and appends them to the last user message content
+ * - Searches backwards through all messages to find the most recent assistant message with images
- * - Returns all converted messages (not just the last two) with the images merged into the user message
+ * - Preserves all system messages (including ones generated from file uploads like 'fileid://...')
- * - Typical pattern: [system?, assistant(image), user] -> [system?, assistant, user(image)]
+ * - Extracts the last user message content and merges images from the previous assistant message
+ * - Returns only the collapsed messages: system messages (if any) followed by a single user message
+ * - If no user message is found, returns only system messages
+ * - Typical pattern: [system?, user, assistant(image), user] -> [system?, user(image)]
  *
  * For other models:
  * - Returns all converted messages in order without special image handling
@@ -220,25 +230,66 @@ export async function convertMessagesToSdkMessages(messages: Message[], model: M
     sdkMessages.push(...(Array.isArray(sdkMessage) ? sdkMessage : [sdkMessage]))
   }
   // Special handling for image enhancement models
-  // Only merge images into the user message
+  // Target behavior: Collapse the conversation into [system?, user(image)].
-  // [system?, assistant(image), user] -> [system?, assistant, user(image)]
+  // Explanation of why we don't simply use slice:
-  if (isImageEnhancementModel(model) && messages.length >= 3) {
+  // 1) We need to preserve all system messages: During the convertMessageToSdkParam process, native file uploads may insert `system(fileid://...)`.
-    const needUpdatedMessages = messages.slice(-2)
+  // Directly slicing the original messages or already converted sdkMessages could easily result in missing these system instructions.
-    const assistantMessage = needUpdatedMessages.find((m) => m.role === 'assistant')
+  // Therefore, we first perform a full conversion and then aggregate the system messages afterward.
-    const userSdkMessage = sdkMessages[sdkMessages.length - 1]
+  // 2) The conversion process may split messages: A single user message might be broken into two SDK messages—[system, user].
+  // Slicing either side could lead to obtaining semantically incorrect fragments (e.g., only the split-out system message).
+  // 3) The “previous assistant message” is not necessarily the second-to-last one: There might be system messages or other message blocks inserted in between,
+  // making a simple slice(-2) assumption too rigid. Here, we trace back from the end of the original messages to locate the most recent assistant message, which better aligns with business semantics.
+  // 4) This is a “collapse” rather than a simple “slice”: Ultimately, we need to synthesize a new user message
+  // (with text from the last user message and images from the previous assistant message). Using slice can only extract subarrays,
+  // which still require reassembly; constructing directly according to the target structure is clearer and more reliable.
+  if (isImageEnhancementModel(model)) {
+    // Collect all system messages (including ones generated from file uploads)
+    const systemMessages = sdkMessages.filter((m): m is SystemModelMessage => m.role === 'system')
 
-    if (assistantMessage && userSdkMessage?.role === 'user') {
+    // Find the last user message (SDK converted)
-      const imageBlocks = findImageBlocks(assistantMessage)
+    const lastUserSdkIndex = (() => {
+      for (let i = sdkMessages.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        if (sdkMessages[i].role === 'user') return i
+      }
+      return -1
+    })()
+
+    const lastUserSdk = lastUserSdkIndex >= 0 ? (sdkMessages[lastUserSdkIndex] as UserModelMessage) : null
+
+    // Find the nearest preceding assistant message in original messages
+    let prevAssistant: Message | null = null
+    for (let i = messages.length - 2; i >= 0; i--) {
+      if (messages[i].role === 'assistant') {
+        prevAssistant = messages[i]
+        break
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Build the final user content parts
+    let finalUserParts: Array<TextPart | FilePart | ImagePart> = []
+    if (lastUserSdk) {
+      if (typeof lastUserSdk.content === 'string') {
+        finalUserParts.push({ type: 'text', text: lastUserSdk.content })
+      } else if (Array.isArray(lastUserSdk.content)) {
+        finalUserParts = [...lastUserSdk.content]
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Append images from the previous assistant message if any
+    if (prevAssistant) {
+      const imageBlocks = findImageBlocks(prevAssistant)
       const imageParts = await convertImageBlockToImagePart(imageBlocks)
-
       if (imageParts.length > 0) {
-        if (typeof userSdkMessage.content === 'string') {
+        finalUserParts.push(...imageParts)
-          userSdkMessage.content = [{ type: 'text', text: userSdkMessage.content }, ...imageParts]
-        } else if (Array.isArray(userSdkMessage.content)) {
-          userSdkMessage.content.push(...imageParts)
       }
     }
+
+    // If we couldn't find a last user message, fall back to returning collected system messages only
+    if (!lastUserSdk) {
+      return systemMessages
     }
+
+    return [...systemMessages, { role: 'user', content: finalUserParts }]
   }
 
   return sdkMessages

src/renderer/src/services/ApiService.ts

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import { isPromptToolUse, isSupportedToolUse } from '@renderer/utils/mcp-tools'
 import { findFileBlocks, getMainTextContent } from '@renderer/utils/messageUtils/find'
 import { containsSupportedVariables, replacePromptVariables } from '@renderer/utils/prompt'
 import { NOT_SUPPORT_API_KEY_PROVIDER_TYPES, NOT_SUPPORT_API_KEY_PROVIDERS } from '@renderer/utils/provider'
-import { cloneDeep, isEmpty, takeRight } from 'lodash'
+import { isEmpty, takeRight } from 'lodash'
 
 import type { ModernAiProviderConfig } from '../aiCore/index_new'
 import AiProviderNew from '../aiCore/index_new'
@@ -99,9 +99,11 @@ export async function fetchChatCompletion({
   })
 
   // Get base provider and apply API key rotation
+  // NOTE: Shallow copy is intentional. Provider objects are not mutated by downstream code.
+  // Nested properties (if any) are never modified after creation.
   const baseProvider = getProviderByModel(assistant.model || getDefaultModel())
   const providerWithRotatedKey = {
-    ...cloneDeep(baseProvider),
+    ...baseProvider,
     apiKey: getRotatedApiKey(baseProvider)
   }
 
@@ -183,8 +185,10 @@ export async function fetchMessagesSummary({ messages, assistant }: { messages:
   }
 
   // Apply API key rotation
+  // NOTE: Shallow copy is intentional. Provider objects are not mutated by downstream code.
+  // Nested properties (if any) are never modified after creation.
   const providerWithRotatedKey = {
-    ...cloneDeep(provider),
+    ...provider,
     apiKey: getRotatedApiKey(provider)
   }
 
@@ -288,8 +292,10 @@ export async function fetchNoteSummary({ content, assistant }: { content: string
   }
 
   // Apply API key rotation
+  // NOTE: Shallow copy is intentional. Provider objects are not mutated by downstream code.
+  // Nested properties (if any) are never modified after creation.
   const providerWithRotatedKey = {
-    ...cloneDeep(provider),
+    ...provider,
     apiKey: getRotatedApiKey(provider)
   }
 
@@ -382,8 +388,10 @@ export async function fetchGenerate({
   }
 
   // Apply API key rotation
+  // NOTE: Shallow copy is intentional. Provider objects are not mutated by downstream code.
+  // Nested properties (if any) are never modified after creation.
   const providerWithRotatedKey = {
-    ...cloneDeep(provider),
+    ...provider,
     apiKey: getRotatedApiKey(provider)
   }
 
@@ -492,8 +500,10 @@ function getRotatedApiKey(provider: Provider): string {
 
 export async function fetchModels(provider: Provider): Promise<Model[]> {
   // Apply API key rotation
+  // NOTE: Shallow copy is intentional. Provider objects are not mutated by downstream code.
+  // Nested properties (if any) are never modified after creation.
   const providerWithRotatedKey = {
-    ...cloneDeep(provider),
+    ...provider,
     apiKey: getRotatedApiKey(provider)
   }
 

src/renderer/src/utils/__tests__/image.test.ts

@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ import {
   captureScrollableAsDataURL,
   compressImage,
   convertToBase64,
-  makeSvgSizeAdaptive
+  makeSvgSizeAdaptive,
+  parseDataUrlMediaType
 } from '../image'
 
 // mock 依赖
@@ -201,4 +202,36 @@ describe('utils/image', () => {
       expect(result.outerHTML).toBe(originalOuterHTML)
     })
   })
+
+  describe('parseDataUrlMediaType', () => {
+    it('extracts media type and base64 flag from standard data url', () => {
+      const r = parseDataUrlMediaType('data:image/png;base64,AAA')
+      expect(r.mediaType).toBe('image/png')
+      expect(r.isBase64).toBe(true)
+    })
+
+    it('handles additional parameters in header', () => {
+      const r = parseDataUrlMediaType('data:image/jpeg;name=foo;base64,AAA')
+      expect(r.mediaType).toBe('image/jpeg')
+      expect(r.isBase64).toBe(true)
+    })
+
+    it('returns undefined media type when missing and detects non-base64', () => {
+      const r = parseDataUrlMediaType('data:text/plain,hello')
+      expect(r.mediaType).toBe('text/plain')
+      expect(r.isBase64).toBe(false)
+    })
+
+    it('handles empty mediatype header', () => {
+      const r = parseDataUrlMediaType('data:;base64,AAA')
+      expect(r.mediaType).toBeUndefined()
+      expect(r.isBase64).toBe(true)
+    })
+
+    it('gracefully handles non data urls', () => {
+      const r = parseDataUrlMediaType('https://example.com/x.png')
+      expect(r.mediaType).toBeUndefined()
+      expect(r.isBase64).toBe(false)
+    })
+  })
 })

src/renderer/src/utils/image.ts

@@ -617,3 +617,23 @@ export const convertImageToPng = async (blob: Blob): Promise<Blob> => {
     img.src = url
   })
 }
+
+/**
+ * Parse media type from a data URL without using heavy regular expressions.
+ *
+ * data:[<mediatype>][;base64],<data>
+ * - mediatype may be empty (defaults to text/plain;charset=US-ASCII per spec)
+ * - we only care about extracting media type and whether it's base64
+ */
+export function parseDataUrlMediaType(url: string): { mediaType?: string; isBase64: boolean } {
+  if (!url.startsWith('data:')) return { isBase64: false }
+  const comma = url.indexOf(',')
+  if (comma === -1) return { isBase64: false }
+  // strip leading 'data:' and take header portion only
+  const header = url.slice(5, comma)
+  const semi = header.indexOf(';')
+  const mediaType = (semi === -1 ? header : header.slice(0, semi)).trim() || undefined
+  // base64 flag may appear anywhere after mediatype in the header
+  const isBase64 = header.indexOf(';base64') !== -1
+  return { mediaType, isBase64 }
+}