diff --git a/transport/vless/encryption/client.go b/transport/vless/encryption/client.go
index 875ace2e..b504e153 100644
--- a/transport/vless/encryption/client.go
+++ b/transport/vless/encryption/client.go
@@ -75,14 +75,13 @@ func (i *ClientInstance) Handshake(conn net.Conn) (*CommonConn, error) {
 	iv := clientHello[:16]
 	rand.Read(iv)
 	relays := clientHello[16:ivAndRealysLength]
-	var nfsPublicKey, nfsKey []byte
+	var nfsKey []byte
 	var lastCTR cipher.Stream
 	for j, k := range i.NfsPKeys {
 		var index = 32
 		if k, ok := k.(*ecdh.PublicKey); ok {
 			privateKey, _ := ecdh.X25519().GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
-			nfsPublicKey = privateKey.PublicKey().Bytes()
-			copy(relays, nfsPublicKey)
+			copy(relays, privateKey.PublicKey().Bytes())
 			var err error
 			nfsKey, err = privateKey.ECDH(k)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -90,11 +89,12 @@ func (i *ClientInstance) Handshake(conn net.Conn) (*CommonConn, error) {
 			}
 		}
 		if k, ok := k.(*mlkem.EncapsulationKey768); ok {
-			nfsKey, nfsPublicKey = k.Encapsulate()
-			copy(relays, nfsPublicKey)
+			var ciphertext []byte
+			nfsKey, ciphertext = k.Encapsulate()
+			copy(relays, ciphertext)
 			index = 1088
 		}
-		if i.XorMode > 0 { // this xor can (others can't) be decrypted by client's config, revealing an X25519 public key / ML-KEM-768 ciphertext, but it is not important
+		if i.XorMode > 0 { // this xor can (others can't) be recovered by client's config, revealing an X25519 public key / ML-KEM-768 ciphertext, that's why "native" values
 			NewCTR(i.NfsPKeysBytes[j], iv).XORKeyStream(relays, relays[:index]) // make X25519 public key / ML-KEM-768 ciphertext distinguishable from random bytes
 		}
 		if lastCTR != nil {
@@ -107,20 +107,20 @@ func (i *ClientInstance) Handshake(conn net.Conn) (*CommonConn, error) {
 		lastCTR.XORKeyStream(relays[index:], i.Hash32s[j+1][:])
 		relays = relays[index+32:]
 	}
-	nfsGCM := NewGCM(nfsPublicKey, nfsKey)
+	nfsGCM := NewGCM(iv, nfsKey)
 
 	if i.Seconds > 0 {
 		i.RWLock.RLock()
 		if time.Now().Before(i.Expire) {
 			c.Client = i
-			c.UnitedKey = append(i.PfsKey, nfsKey...)
+			c.UnitedKey = append(i.PfsKey, nfsKey...) // different unitedKey for each connection
 			nfsGCM.Seal(clientHello[:ivAndRealysLength], nil, EncodeLength(32), nil)
 			nfsGCM.Seal(clientHello[:ivAndRealysLength+18], nil, i.Ticket, nil)
 			i.RWLock.RUnlock()
 			c.PreWrite = clientHello[:ivAndRealysLength+18+32]
 			c.GCM = NewGCM(clientHello[ivAndRealysLength+18:ivAndRealysLength+18+32], c.UnitedKey)
 			if i.XorMode == 2 {
-				c.Conn = NewXorConn(conn, NewCTR(c.UnitedKey, iv), nil, len(c.PreWrite), 32)
+				c.Conn = NewXorConn(conn, NewCTR(c.UnitedKey, iv), nil, len(c.PreWrite), 16)
 			}
 			return c, nil
 		}
@@ -141,21 +141,9 @@ func (i *ClientInstance) Handshake(conn net.Conn) (*CommonConn, error) {
 	if _, err := conn.Write(clientHello); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	// padding can be sent in a fragmented way, to create variable traffic pattern, before VLESS flow takes control
+	// padding can be sent in a fragmented way, to create variable traffic pattern, before inner VLESS flow takes control
 
-	encryptedLength := make([]byte, 18)
-	if _, err := io.ReadFull(conn, encryptedLength); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if _, err := nfsGCM.Open(encryptedLength[:0], make([]byte, 12), encryptedLength, nil); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	length := DecodeLength(encryptedLength[:2])
-
-	if length < 1088+32+16 { // server may send more public keys
-		return nil, errors.New("too short length")
-	}
-	encryptedPfsPublicKey := make([]byte, length)
+	encryptedPfsPublicKey := make([]byte, 1088+32+16)
 	if _, err := io.ReadFull(conn, encryptedPfsPublicKey); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -194,22 +182,18 @@ func (i *ClientInstance) Handshake(conn net.Conn) (*CommonConn, error) {
 		i.RWLock.Unlock()
 	}
 
+	encryptedLength := make([]byte, 18)
 	if _, err := io.ReadFull(conn, encryptedLength); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	if _, err := c.PeerGCM.Open(encryptedLength[:0], nil, encryptedLength, nil); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	encryptedPadding := make([]byte, DecodeLength(encryptedLength[:2])) // TODO: move to Read()
-	if _, err := io.ReadFull(conn, encryptedPadding); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if _, err := c.PeerGCM.Open(encryptedPadding[:0], nil, encryptedPadding, nil); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
+	length := DecodeLength(encryptedLength[:2])
+	c.PeerPadding = make([]byte, length) // important: allows server sends padding slowly, eliminating 1-RTT's traffic pattern
 
 	if i.XorMode == 2 {
-		c.Conn = NewXorConn(conn, NewCTR(c.UnitedKey, iv), NewCTR(c.UnitedKey, encryptedTicket[:16]), 0, 0)
+		c.Conn = NewXorConn(conn, NewCTR(c.UnitedKey, iv), NewCTR(c.UnitedKey, encryptedTicket[:16]), 0, length)
 	}
 	return c, nil
 }
diff --git a/transport/vless/encryption/common.go b/transport/vless/encryption/common.go
index 3e4c1ec3..8e78d486 100644
--- a/transport/vless/encryption/common.go
+++ b/transport/vless/encryption/common.go
@@ -18,12 +18,13 @@ import (
 
 type CommonConn struct {
 	net.Conn
-	Client    *ClientInstance
-	UnitedKey []byte
-	PreWrite  []byte
-	GCM       *GCM
-	PeerGCM   *GCM
-	input     bytes.Reader // PeerCache
+	Client      *ClientInstance
+	UnitedKey   []byte
+	PreWrite    []byte
+	GCM         *GCM
+	PeerPadding []byte
+	PeerGCM     *GCM
+	input       bytes.Reader // PeerCache
 }
 
 func (c *CommonConn) Write(b []byte) (int, error) {
@@ -39,12 +40,12 @@ func (c *CommonConn) Write(b []byte) (int, error) {
 		n += len(b)
 		data = make([]byte, 5+len(b)+16)
 		EncodeHeader(data, len(b)+16)
-		aead := c.GCM
+		max := false
 		if bytes.Equal(c.GCM.Nonce[:], MaxNonce) {
-			aead = nil
+			max = true
 		}
 		c.GCM.Seal(data[:5], nil, b, data[:5])
-		if aead == nil {
+		if max {
 			c.GCM = NewGCM(data[5:], c.UnitedKey)
 		}
 		if c.PreWrite != nil {
@@ -63,15 +64,24 @@ func (c *CommonConn) Read(b []byte) (int, error) {
 		return 0, nil
 	}
 	if c.PeerGCM == nil { // client's 0-RTT
-		serverRandom := make([]byte, 32)
+		serverRandom := make([]byte, 16)
 		if _, err := io.ReadFull(c.Conn, serverRandom); err != nil {
 			return 0, err
 		}
 		c.PeerGCM = NewGCM(serverRandom, c.UnitedKey)
 		if xorConn, ok := c.Conn.(*XorConn); ok {
-			xorConn.PeerCTR = NewCTR(c.UnitedKey, serverRandom[16:])
+			xorConn.PeerCTR = NewCTR(c.UnitedKey, serverRandom)
 		}
 	}
+	if c.PeerPadding != nil { // client's 1-RTT
+		if _, err := io.ReadFull(c.Conn, c.PeerPadding); err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		if _, err := c.PeerGCM.Open(c.PeerPadding[:0], nil, c.PeerPadding, nil); err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		c.PeerPadding = nil
+	}
 	if c.input.Len() > 0 {
 		return c.input.Read(b)
 	}
@@ -96,13 +106,13 @@ func (c *CommonConn) Read(b []byte) (int, error) {
 	if len(dst) <= len(b) {
 		dst = b[:len(dst)] // avoids another copy()
 	}
-	var peerAEAD *GCM
+	var newGCM *GCM
 	if bytes.Equal(c.PeerGCM.Nonce[:], MaxNonce) {
-		peerAEAD = NewGCM(peerData, c.UnitedKey)
+		newGCM = NewGCM(peerData, c.UnitedKey)
 	}
 	_, err = c.PeerGCM.Open(dst[:0], nil, peerData, h)
-	if peerAEAD != nil {
-		c.PeerGCM = peerAEAD
+	if newGCM != nil {
+		c.PeerGCM = newGCM
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
diff --git a/transport/vless/encryption/doc.go b/transport/vless/encryption/doc.go
index eb46fde2..d2eb2753 100644
--- a/transport/vless/encryption/doc.go
+++ b/transport/vless/encryption/doc.go
@@ -18,4 +18,5 @@
 // https://github.com/XTLS/Xray-core/commit/38cc306c955c362f044e074049a5e67b6b9fb389
 // https://github.com/XTLS/Xray-core/commit/b33555cc0a52d0af3c23d2af8fca42f8a685d9af
 // https://github.com/XTLS/Xray-core/commit/ad7140641c44239c9dcdc3d7215ea639b1f0841c
+// https://github.com/XTLS/Xray-core/commit/0199dea39988a1a1b846d0bf8598631bade40902
 package encryption
diff --git a/transport/vless/encryption/server.go b/transport/vless/encryption/server.go
index 69210c38..0bb5fa60 100644
--- a/transport/vless/encryption/server.go
+++ b/transport/vless/encryption/server.go
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ func (i *ServerInstance) Handshake(conn net.Conn) (*CommonConn, error) {
 	}
 	iv := ivAndRelays[:16]
 	relays := ivAndRelays[16:]
-	var nfsPublicKey, nfsKey []byte
+	var nfsKey []byte
 	var lastCTR cipher.Stream
 	for j, k := range i.NfsSKeys {
 		if lastCTR != nil {
@@ -122,9 +122,8 @@ func (i *ServerInstance) Handshake(conn net.Conn) (*CommonConn, error) {
 		if i.XorMode > 0 {
 			NewCTR(i.NfsPKeysBytes[j], iv).XORKeyStream(relays, relays[:index]) // we don't use buggy elligator, because we have PSK :)
 		}
-		nfsPublicKey = relays[:index]
 		if k, ok := k.(*ecdh.PrivateKey); ok {
-			publicKey, err := ecdh.X25519().NewPublicKey(nfsPublicKey)
+			publicKey, err := ecdh.X25519().NewPublicKey(relays[:index])
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
@@ -135,7 +134,7 @@ func (i *ServerInstance) Handshake(conn net.Conn) (*CommonConn, error) {
 		}
 		if k, ok := k.(*mlkem.DecapsulationKey768); ok {
 			var err error
-			nfsKey, err = k.Decapsulate(nfsPublicKey)
+			nfsKey, err = k.Decapsulate(relays[:index])
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
@@ -151,7 +150,7 @@ func (i *ServerInstance) Handshake(conn net.Conn) (*CommonConn, error) {
 		}
 		relays = relays[32:]
 	}
-	nfsGCM := NewGCM(nfsPublicKey, nfsKey)
+	nfsGCM := NewGCM(iv, nfsKey)
 
 	encryptedLength := make([]byte, 18)
 	if _, err := io.ReadFull(conn, encryptedLength); err != nil {
@@ -187,16 +186,16 @@ func (i *ServerInstance) Handshake(conn net.Conn) (*CommonConn, error) {
 			conn.Write(noises) // make client do new handshake
 			return nil, errors.New("expired ticket")
 		}
-		if _, replay := s.Replays.LoadOrStore([32]byte(encryptedTicket), true); replay {
+		if _, replay := s.Replays.LoadOrStore([32]byte(nfsKey), true); replay { // prevents bad client also
 			return nil, errors.New("replay detected")
 		}
-		c.UnitedKey = append(s.PfsKey, nfsKey...) // the same key links the upload & download
-		c.PreWrite = make([]byte, 32)             // always trust yourself, not the client
+		c.UnitedKey = append(s.PfsKey, nfsKey...) // the same nfsKey links the upload & download
+		c.PreWrite = make([]byte, 16)             // always trust yourself, not the client
 		rand.Read(c.PreWrite)
 		c.GCM = NewGCM(c.PreWrite, c.UnitedKey)
-		c.PeerGCM = NewGCM(encryptedTicket, c.UnitedKey)
+		c.PeerGCM = NewGCM(encryptedTicket, c.UnitedKey) // unchangeable ctx, and different ctx length for upload / download
 		if i.XorMode == 2 {
-			c.Conn = NewXorConn(conn, NewCTR(c.UnitedKey, c.PreWrite[16:]), NewCTR(c.UnitedKey, iv), 32, 0)
+			c.Conn = NewXorConn(conn, NewCTR(c.UnitedKey, c.PreWrite), NewCTR(c.UnitedKey, iv), 16, 0) // it doesn't matter if the attacker sends client's iv back to the client
 		}
 		return c, nil
 	}
@@ -234,12 +233,11 @@ func (i *ServerInstance) Handshake(conn net.Conn) (*CommonConn, error) {
 	rand.Read(ticket)
 	copy(ticket, EncodeLength(int(i.Seconds*4/5)))
 
-	pfsKeyExchangeLength := 18 + 1088 + 32 + 16
+	pfsKeyExchangeLength := 1088 + 32 + 16
 	encryptedTicketLength := 32
 	paddingLength := int(randBetween(100, 1000))
 	serverHello := make([]byte, pfsKeyExchangeLength+encryptedTicketLength+paddingLength)
-	nfsGCM.Seal(serverHello[:0], make([]byte, 12), EncodeLength(pfsKeyExchangeLength-18), nil) // it is safe because our nonce starts from 1
-	nfsGCM.Seal(serverHello[:18], MaxNonce, pfsPublicKey, nil)
+	nfsGCM.Seal(serverHello[:0], MaxNonce, pfsPublicKey, nil)
 	c.GCM.Seal(serverHello[:pfsKeyExchangeLength], nil, ticket, nil)
 	padding := serverHello[pfsKeyExchangeLength+encryptedTicketLength:]
 	c.GCM.Seal(padding[:0], nil, EncodeLength(paddingLength-18), nil)
@@ -248,7 +246,7 @@ func (i *ServerInstance) Handshake(conn net.Conn) (*CommonConn, error) {
 	if _, err := conn.Write(serverHello); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	// padding can be sent in a fragmented way, to create variable traffic pattern, before VLESS flow takes control
+	// padding can be sent in a fragmented way, to create variable traffic pattern, before inner VLESS flow takes control
 
 	if i.Seconds > 0 {
 		i.RWLock.Lock()
@@ -259,6 +257,7 @@ func (i *ServerInstance) Handshake(conn net.Conn) (*CommonConn, error) {
 		i.RWLock.Unlock()
 	}
 
+	// important: allows client sends padding slowly, eliminating 1-RTT's traffic pattern
 	if _, err := io.ReadFull(conn, encryptedLength); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}